August 10, 1906.] 



SCIENCE, 



173 



ber of Cubans, Michigan the largest num- 

 ber of Mexicans and Pennsylvania the 

 largest number of West Indians. Of the 

 North American countries, Canada sends 

 the largest number of students— 161— fol- 

 lowed by Mexico with 48 and Cuba with 

 40. Cornell leads in the Argentine Re- 

 public, Brazil, Ecuador and Peru; Colwnv- 

 J)ia in Colombia, and with Pennsylvania in 

 Chili, although the representation in the 

 last two countries is insignificant. Of the 

 South American countries, Brazil sends the 

 largest representation, namely, 20, followed 

 by the Argentine Republic with 15 and 

 Peru with 12. In the European countries 

 that send ten or more students the order 

 is as follows: Yvance— Pennsylvania, Co- 

 lumbia, Harvard; Germany — Columbia, 

 Harvard; Great Britain and Ireland— Co- 

 lumbia, Pennsylvania, Harvard; Italy — 

 Pennsylvania, Ha7'vard; Russia — Pennsyl- 

 vania, Columbia; Turkey — Yale, Harvard. 

 Great Britain and Ireland sends the largest 

 number, namely, 44, followed by Germany 

 with 37, France with 35 and Turkey with 

 30. Of the Asiatic countries, Japan sends 

 110, China 38 and India 20, the represen- 

 tation from the other countries being un- 

 important. Columbia draws the largest 

 number of students from China, leads with 

 Yale in Japan, and follows Cornell in 

 India. Of the Australasian countries, 

 Australia sends 30 and New Zealand 16, 

 Pennsylvania leading in both, followed by 

 Cornell in the former and. by Harvard in 

 the latter. Rudolf Tombo, Jr. 



SCIENTIFIC BOOKS. 



The Analysis of Racial Descent in Animals. 



By Thomas H. Montgomery, Jr., Professor 



of Zoology in the University of Texas. Pp. 



xi + 311. Henry Holt & Co. $2.50. 



A general and comprehensive work on the 

 methods of determining racial descent has not 

 appeared within recent years and Haeckel's 

 ' Generelle Morphologic,' first published in 

 1866, still remains the standard work on this 



subject. The insufficiency of some of the 

 methods outlined by Haeckel has been repeat- 

 edly pointed out, but there are few, if any, 

 works which deal with these methods both 

 critically and constructively. Recent an- 

 alytical studies in biology have turned the 

 interest and sympathies of many biologists 

 away from the more general, if less exact, 

 speculations of the older school, and have 

 brought the study of phylogeny into a certain 

 disrepute. Nevertheless, as the author says 

 in his preface, " many of the broader concepts 

 of biology have been obtained from just such 

 investigations. As to the degree of uncer- 

 tainty in its conclusions, this results simply 

 from the great extent of the phenomena to be 

 explained and from their complexity." 



The first chapter of this work deals with 

 ' Environmental Modes of Existence.' In 

 addition to the general classification of organ- 

 isms into the geohios, limnohios and halohios 

 of Haeckel, the author recognizes two other 

 groups — the diplohios (organisms which spend 

 part of their life in one mediiim, part in an- 

 other) and the entohios (entoparasites) ; the 

 first three of these modes of existence he 

 groups together under the name monohios, the 

 last two under heterohios. 



The question ^s to which of these modes of 

 existence is the most primitive is interestingly 

 discussed and the conclusion reached that the 

 evidence favors the hypothesis of Simroth 

 that ' the sea beach from the region of high 

 tidal limit to a short distance below the low 

 tidal, is the probable point of origin of most 

 animal groups.' 



Regarding the seasonal migrations of vari- 

 ous animals the author concludes that there is 

 no evidence that the earliest environment of 

 the young represents the ancestral home of the 

 species. As to the method of origin of ento- 

 parasites he concludes that where there are a 

 number of different hosts in the life history 

 of the parasite, e. g., Trematodes, the host in 

 which the adult condition is reached is the 

 primitive one, whereas the occurrence of 

 younger stages in an intermediate host is a 

 later adaptation. " Here the ontogeny would 

 be a reversal of the phylogeny with regard to 

 the sequence of hosts." 



