738 



SCIENCE. 



[N. S. Vol. XXIV. No. 623. 



ical observatories of Harvard, Chicago and 

 California universities are purely research in- 

 stitutions. A further step has been taken in 

 the endowment of institutions, such as the 

 Carnegie Institution and the Rockefeller In- 

 stitute, explicitly for research. The most log- 

 ical and important advance, however, consists 

 in the direct conduct of research by the gov- 

 ernment. As the government should control 

 monopolies, so it should conduct the work 

 which is not for the benefit of a single indi- 

 vidual, but for the people as a whole. There 

 are, of course, no end of difficulties in the 

 control of monopolies or the conduct of re- 

 search by a municipality, state or nation; but 

 it is exactly these difficulties that it is our 

 business to overcome. We may congratulate 

 ourselves that our national government is at 

 present accomplishing more for research and 

 the applications of science than the govern- 

 ment of any other nation, and that the men 

 of science working under the government are 

 doing their full share for the advancement of 

 science. 



Table II. gives the cities in which five or 

 more of the thousand scientific men were born, 

 and the cities in which five or more of them 

 now reside. The tendency towards concentra- 

 tion which we know to exist is here measured. 

 Two hundred and twenty-seven of the scien- 

 tific men were bom in places producing five 

 or more, and Y82 of them live in places where 

 there are five or more. This is, of course, 

 natural, and probably desirable; scientific 

 work is accomplished where men gather to- 

 gether. Still the fact that three fourths of 

 our scientific men live in 39 places — with a 

 good many more in the suburbs — ^leaves rather 

 a scanty number for the rest of the country. 

 We have, however, more separate scientific 

 centers than foreign countries, and by this 

 circumstance we both gain and lose. The 

 lack of men of distinction in whole regions 

 and large cities is a serious indictment of 

 our civilization. The existence of cities such 

 as Brooklyn and Buffalo is an intellectual 

 scandal. 



Of the 866 men native to the United States, 

 224 were born in the cities which in 1900 had 

 a population of more than 25,000. These 



Table II. Distribution in Different Places. 



Washington, D. C..., 

 New York, N.Y.\.., 

 Brooklyn, N. Y. /.. 



Cambridge, Mass , 



Chicago, Ills 



Baltimore, Md 



New Haven, Conn... 



Philadelphia, Pa 



Boston, Mass 



Ithaca, N. Y 



Ann Arbor, Mich 



Madison, Wis 



Berkel ey, Cal 



Palo Alto, Cal 



Princeton, N. J 



Minneapolis, Minn. .. 



St. Louis, Mo.... 



Worcester, Mass 



Cleveland, O 



Columbus, O 



San Francisco, Cal. . . 



Columbia, Mo ,. 



Lincoln, Nebr 



Syracuse, N. Y 



Cincinnati, O 



Bryn Mawr, Pa 



Evanston, Ills 



Middleton, Conn 



Bloomington, Ind 



Brookline, Mass 



Charlottesville, Va. .. 



Iowa City, la 



Mt. Hamilton, Cal.... 

 Northampton, Mass... 



Providence, E. I 



Albany, N. Y 



Amherst, Mass 



Chapel Hill, N. C... 



Lawrence, Kans 



New Brunswick, N. J 



Total. 



According 

 to Residence. 



I.-V. VI.-X. Total 



69 

 61 

 1 

 30 

 29 

 22 

 24 

 14 

 14 

 17 

 20 



415 



50 



54 



3 



22 



16 



16 



10 



20 



19 



15 



5 



11 



9 



7 



6 



8 



5 



4 



4 



7 



119 



115 



4 



52 



45 



38 



34 



34 



33 



32 



25 



18 



17 



16 



14 



11 



11 



11 



10 



10 



10 



9 



9 



9 



8 



7 



7 



7 



6 



6 



6 



6 



6 



6 



6 



5 



5 



5 



5 



5 



Per 



Million 

 1900. 



367 782 



426.9 



56.1 



3.4 



576.8 



26.5 



74.6 



314.7 



26.3 



58.8 



2436.1 



1723.1 



939.2 



1286.5 



9650.2 



3590.6 



5 4.3 



19ri 



229.6 



26.2 



79.6 



29.1 



1592.6 



224.0 



83.0 



24.5 



? 



363.4 



730.0 



928.8 



300.9 



930.7 



751.2 



? 



321.8 



34.2 



53.1 



994.9 



4549.6 



460.3 



249.9 



