Decembee 1, 1906.] 



SCIENCE. 



739 



places had in 1860 a population of about 

 4,500,000 as compared with a rural population 

 of about 27,000,000. The urban population 

 was about one sixth of the rural population 

 and produced more than a quarter of the sci- 

 entific men. The urban birth rate was 50 

 and the rural birth rate was 23.8. The su- 

 perior position of the towns is doubtless due 

 to a more favorable environment, but it may 

 also be in part due to the fact that the parents 

 of these scientific men were the abler clergy- 

 men and others of their generation who were 

 drawn to the cities. 



Table III. gives the institutions with which 

 three or more of the scientific men are con- 

 nected, and in the case of institutions in which 

 there are more than fifteen the details of their 

 rank are shown, I., II., etc., representing the 

 first hundred, the second hundred, etc. I give 

 this table with some hesitation, but it appears 

 that in the end it will be for the advantage 

 of scientific research if it is known which 

 institutions obtain and retain the best men. 



Harvard has 66.5 of the scientific men, the half 

 (0.5) being used when a professor is emeritus 

 or gives only part of his time to an institu- 

 tion. Columbia follows with 60, and Chicago 

 comes next with 39. In both the U. S. Geo- 

 logical Survey and the Department of Agri- 

 culture there are 32. About half of the sci- 

 entific men are connected with 18 institutions. 

 Harvard has not only the largest number of 

 scientific men, but they are also of the highest 

 rank, 19 being in the first hundred and 8.5 In 

 the second hundred. Johns Hopkins has nine 

 in the first hundred and Columbia and Chi- 

 cago each has seven. A table such as this 

 might have some practical influence if the 

 data were made public at intervals of ten 

 years. 



Table IV. gives the institutions at which 

 the 1,000 men of science pursued their studies. 

 A man is credited for his degree to the first 

 institution at which he took it, but in the case 

 of graduate study, he may have attended sev- 

 eral institutions. He is not, however, credited 



Table III. — Distribution according to Present Position of the Thousand Men op Science. 



Harvard 



Columbia 



Chicago 



Cornell 



U. S. Geological Survey 



U. S. Department Agriculture. 



Johns Hopkins 



California 



Yale 



Smithsonian Institution 



Michigan 



Mass. Inst. Tech 



Wisconsin 



Pennsylvania 



Leland Stanford, Jr 



6.5 

 11 



2 



4.5 



2 



5 



4.5 



4 



2 



2 



2 



3 







2 



1 



Total. 



66.5 



60 



39 



33.5 



32 



32 



30.5 



27 



26.5 



22 



20 



19.5 



18 



n 



16 



Total . 



Princeton 



Minnesota, Ohio State 



New York University 



Missouri, Nebraska, Northwestern 



National Bureau of Standards, U. S. Navy, Am. Mus. Nat. History 



Carnegie Institution, Clark, Iowa, Syracuse, Virginia, Wesleyan 



Bryn Mawr, Cincinnati, Dartmouth, Illinois, Indiana, N. Y. Botanical Garden, Smith 



Brown, Kansas, North Carolina, Texas, Washington (St. Louis) 



Field Columbian Museum, General Electric Co., St. Louis, Western Keserve, Pennsylvania State, Eutgers 

 Lehigh 



459.5 



14.5 

 10 



9.5 



9 



8 

 % 

 6 

 5 

 4 

 3.5 



Philadelphia, Acad. Nat. Sciences Amherst, Case, College of City of New York, Colorado College, 

 Colorado University, Haverf ord, Purdue, Rockefeller Institute, Simmons, Tufts, Vassar, Worcester. . 



Grand Total 730 



