742 



SCIENCE. 



[N. S. Vol. XXIV. No. 623. 



tions. The number of doctorates conferred 

 in the natural and exact sciences during the 

 past nine years is as follows : Johns Hopkins, 

 147; Chicago, 145; Columbia, 137; Harvard, 

 129; Yale, 120; Cornell, 94; Pennsylvania, 85; 

 Clark, 75. There is then a drop to universi- 

 ties that have conferred fewer than 25 de- 

 grees in the sciences during this period. 

 Relatively more work is done in the sciences 

 in some institutions than in others. Thus the 

 percentage of degrees in the sciences in these 

 universities is as follows: Clark, 95; Cornell, 

 58; Johns Hopkins, 54; Columbia, 49; Chi- 

 cago, 48; Pennsylvania, 43; Harvard, 42, and 

 Yale, 41. 



Table V. shows the institutional origin of 

 men who have pursued different sciences. The 

 Johns Hopkins University has excelled rela- 

 tively in chemistry, physics, zoology and 

 physiology; Harvard in zoology and botany; 

 Columbia in zoology, botany and mathematics ; 

 Cornell in physics and botany; Clark in psy- 

 chology, and Michigan in botany and pathol- 

 ogy. Of the foreign universities, Berlin has 

 excelled in physics, Leipzig in psychology and 

 Gottingen in chemistry and mathematics. 



The table also shows that men are more 

 likely to pursue graduate studies and to take 

 the doctor's degree in some sciences than in 

 others. Of the fifty psychologists, 35 have 

 received the doctor's degree from the institu- 

 tions given in the table, and of the 150 zoolo- 

 gists 90 have received it, whereas only two of 

 the 25 anatomists and only five of the 60 

 pathologists have received a non-technical 

 higher degree from these universities. While 

 important improvements in the practise of 

 surgery and medicine have been made in this 

 country, it must be admitted that we are not 

 doing our share for the advancement of pathol- 

 ogy, anatomy and physiology. 



It would be desirable to compare the scien- 

 tific men and the scientific work of the United 

 States with those of other nations, and I hope 

 to collect data on this subject. It is my im- 

 pression from such information as is on hand 

 that we produce from one seventh to one tenth 

 of the world's scientific research, but that we 

 have not produced one tenth of its recent 

 great discoveries or of its contemporary great 



men. With our vast population and unlimited 

 resources, it would be shameful and intolerable 

 to let the future be no better than the present. 

 It is obvious that we should collect without 

 delay the information that would tell us where 

 we stand among the nations. 



It is not altogether without interest to find 

 that it is possible to reduce to order facts whicli 

 might be supposed to be outside the range of 

 the natural and exact sciences. The present 

 articles are, however, only a beginning of a 

 study of scientific men as a group and of the 

 conditions on which scientific performance de- 

 pends. We have in a large measure explored 

 the material world and subdued it to our uses; 

 it is now our business to secure an equal in- 

 crease in our knowledge of human nature and 

 to apply it for our welfare. If he is a bene- 

 factor to mankind who makes two blades of 

 grass grow where one grew before, his services 

 would be immeasurably greater who could 

 enable two men of science to flourish where 

 there had been but one. 



J. McKeen Cattell. 



Columbia University. 



brachiopod nomenclature. 



The following is an epitome of the results 

 of some recent investigations ; a fuller account 

 of them has been handed to the editor of the 

 Annals and Magazine of Natural History 

 (England). 



The genera Epithyris, Hypothyris and 

 Cleiothyris can not be used, as they are now, 

 on King's authority: they must stand or fall 

 by what Phillips did. Prom what Phillips 

 says of the first two (Pal. Foss. Devon., etc., 

 1841, pp. 54, 55) the types are as follows: 

 Genusi Epithyris, Phillips. 



Type Terehratula maxillata, Sowerby. 



This will be the generic name for the Tere- 

 hratula maxillata group of the Jurassic. 

 Genus Hypothyris, Phillips. 



Type Terehratula concinna, Sowerby. 



This would be the name for a series of 

 Jurassic RhynchonellaB, but it is preoccupied, 

 and so must drop altogether. However, the 

 terms epithyrid and hypothyrid will be found 

 extremely useful to describe the beak-char- 

 acters which Phillips noted. 



