FOSSIL FAUNA. 131 



PLATE LVI. 



ECHINITES AND EcHINITAL SpINES. 



Fig. 1. A fragment of the shell of a Turban Echinlte, with three clavated or club-shaped spines 

 attached, on chalk, from Kent (Cidaris claviger, of Konig). The inner surface of the 

 fragment of shell is exposed. 



Fig. 2. A crushed shell of an elegant species of Turban 'Eahmlie {Cidaris aceptrifera, of Mantell), 

 on a block of chalk ; with two displaced spines near it. The sceptre-like form of the 

 spines suggested the specific name. The chalk has been carefully cut away so as to 

 display the shell and spines as much as possible without detaching them. From 

 Sussex ; common in the chalk near Gravesend. 



Fig. 3. Part of the shell, with two spines of another species {Cidaris tesiculosus, of Goldfuss), 

 from Kent. 



Fig. 4. " A fossil echinital spine resembling a belemnite." — Mr. ParJcinson. I am unable to 

 determine either the species or locality of this fossil : it is indeed doubtful whether it 

 is a spine of an echinus. 



Figs. 5 to 19, represent various kinds of echinital spines of Turban Echinites or Cidarites. 



Fig. 5. "A fossil spine named ' Bacolo di Santo Paulo,' by ^cHlaL"— Mr. Parkinson. From Verona. 



Figs. 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, & 18, are, I believe, referable to various species of Cidaris 

 that occur in the Oolite or Jurassic deposits. 



Figs. 9 and 11. Species o? Cidaris glandiferus, of Goldfuss, 



Fig. 15, is a well known form, which occurs in thousands in the Oolite Limestone, the Coral Rag, 

 of Caen, and other localities in Wiltshire ; it belongs to a beautiful Cidarite {Cidaris 

 Blumenhacldi), which is occasionally found with similar spines attached. 



Fig. 12. "A flat serrated spine from Verona."— J/r. Parkinson. It belongs to the Cidaris 

 Schmidelii, of Goldfuss. 



Fig. 7. The interior of the upper part or vertex of a large Echinus, from the tertiary strata of 

 Malta. The greater portion of the shell is broken away, but a small fragment 

 showing the outer surface remains on the upper left hand of the specimen. The five 

 large petalous ambulacra are beautifully seen. Perfect examples of this echinite 

 {Echinanthus Clypeaster alius, of Parkinson), are not uncommon. 



Fig. 19. A spine of Cidaris sceptrifera, from the chalk of Kent. 



Fig. 20. An elegant Turban Echinite, {Hemicidaris crenidaris, of Lamarck,) common in the Coral 

 Eag of Wiltshire. Groups of this beautiful echinoderm, with numerous spines 

 attached, are found at Caen. I have seen on one slab of limestone, upwards of 

 twenty individuals with the spines radiating round the shell, as if the animals were 

 alive on a mud bank in shallow water. 



Fig. 21. A fragment of the shell with two spines {Cidaris claviger), attached to a flint ; from Kent. 

 ' See Wonders of Geology, vol. ii. p. 500, figs. 3 and 6. 



