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Brinton.] 'Jaj.o [February 4, 



tion to the natives. When such sounds occur in proper names, as in the 

 Bible, they substitute others, as follows : for c soft they use s, as Cyrus, 

 Sailas; for c hard, k, as Canaan, Kenan; for ch hard, k, as Enoch, Enak; 

 for d, 1, as David, Lewi ; or else t, as Daniel, Taniel or Tanili ; for g soft 

 and for j, ch, as Gentile, Chentail, Jew, Chu ; for g, ko or ku, as queen, 

 kuwin, or kowin ; for r, 1, as Rachel, Lechel, but at the end of a syllable 

 it is dropped, as Peter, Peta ; for v, f or w, as Levi, Lefai, David, Levd ; 

 for X, ks, as Exodus, Eksotus ; for z, s, as Zaccheus, Sakevs. When 

 two consonants come together, a short vowel is sometimes insei-ted, or 

 one is prefixed : as, wheat, wohet ; Andrew, Antilu ; bridle, bilitel ; 

 Stephen, Istifin ; Reid, Olit. 



5. CONTRACTIONS. 



Contractions by the elision of vowels or consonants are frequ.ent in both 

 simple and compound words and phrases. A few examples are given : 

 chuka g,y out antah, for onvt antali, lie goes to and stays at the house, 

 anont g.ya, for anolit g,yah, he goes along and teUs it. 

 bot vbi, for bolit vbih, he beats and kills, 

 chukachvfa, for chuka achvfa, a family, 

 chukfushe, for chukti ushi, a lamb, 

 issakshup, for issi hakshup, a deer skin, 

 siaknip, for sa haknip, my body. 



6. CONSONANT CHANGES. 



The following change of the consonants may take place : ch may change 

 to sh : ochiah, she draws water ; oshtiah, she goes to draw water ; tanchi, 

 corn, tashishi, corn-fodder. Sh may change to t, as in the ai'ticle-pro- 

 noun osh, ot. K and t, and 1 and m, are interchangeable in a few words: 

 as ikhana to ithana, to know ; oktvni to ottvni, to appear ; omba to oma, 

 to rain ; yukpa changes to yuppa, to be pleased. 



7. VOWEL CHANGES. 



a shortened becomes v, as chumpa, to buy, chumpvt iah, he goes to 

 buy. 



e shortened becomes i, as emah, imah, he gives. 



o shortened becomes u, as tok, tuk, it was, hommali it is red, hummah 

 it is reddish. 



V lengthened becomes a. 



T lengthened becomes e, as pisah, pesah, he sees. 



u lengthened becomes o. 



o in holissoh becomes i in hoUisichih, he writes. 



a in momah becomes i in mominchih. 



8. NASAL CHANGES. 



Exact rules for these changes are not easily given. The nasals g., i, o, 

 u, stand before the consonants f, h, hi, k, n, s, sh, w, and y ; as i full, his 

 switch ; i hoUisso, his book ; i kana, his friend ; i wak, his cow ; i yuka, 

 his pi'isoner. The nasal marks are changed to the letter m before the 

 diphthongs, the vowels, and the consonants b, m, and p; and to the letter 



