1870.] oZO [Biinton. 



§ 3. They are placed after nouns and pronouns with their attributes, 

 after verbs, adverbs, and their attributes, after prepositions and conjunc- 

 tions. They are definite, distinctive, and contradistinctive, subjective, 

 objective, and copulative. A part of speech can take more than one at 

 a time. 



§ 4. They may be translated by (1) the articles a, an, the, (2) the adjec- 

 tive pronouns one, ones, some, (3) the personal pronouns he, she, it, they, 

 in the nominative case, and him, her, it, them, in the oblique case, (4) the 

 relatives who, which, what, that, in the nominative case, and whom, which, 

 what, that in the oblique case, (5) by the double relatives he who, she 

 who, that which, and they who, (6) and by the one who, the ones who, 

 and the ones whom. Often they are not to be translated in English. 



§ 5. The primary or ground forms of the article-pronouns are a definite, 

 and o distinctive. They are used (1) as articles, (2) as personal pronouns 

 in the third persons singular and plural, (3) as relative pronouns, single 

 and double, in both numbers, (4) as adjective pronouns, (5) as copulas. 



§ 6. a is definite, and when used as an article is much like the English 

 article tJie, though it is also translated by a, or an. o is distinctive, and 

 corresponds to the indefinite a or an in English, or to the adjective pro- 

 nouns one, ones, some. a implies certain knowledge, while o ignores 

 other objects and does not make certain the objects it Specifies otherwise 

 than that they belong to one species or kind, o is emphatic. Both are 

 used for specification, emphasis, and case.' 



§ 7. In the oblique case nouns are sometimes found without either of 

 them. And when they are used, they may be rendered by either of the 

 articles, or as mentioned above. 



§ 8. The article-pronouns have (1) variations, and (2) modifications. 



§ 9. a DEFINITE. 



a may be varied by becoming v, e, or i. 



It is modified by suffixing various letters, which alter its sigiufication, 

 thus : 



1 Definite and Distinctive. — These two forms of speech run through the Whole language, and 

 modify not only article-pronouns, nouns, verbs, and conjunctions, but even clauses and sentences. 

 Mr. Bylngton e.xplains the double plural of the personal pronoun of the first person, common to 

 nearly all American languages, and generally known as the exclusive plural (excluding the second 

 person) and inclusive plural (including the second person, with or without the third person), the 

 former as definite, the latter as distinctive. These plurals, he says, " correspond to a definite and 

 o distinctive;" and of the separable personal pronouns, vno and si a, he says, "the difference be 

 tween them is similar to that between a and o." The distinctive expresses in its broadest sense 

 the signification of the word or clause, but lends an emphasis whicli distinguishes it from any word 

 or clause of allied purport; the definite defines or limits the signification to some specific, known 

 word, individual, or act. Vno, I, distinctive, begins a sentence, the speaker being as yet vague; 

 but as soon as the speaker is defined by a verb, adjective, or other qualifying word, the pronoun 

 changes to sia, I, definite. Vhli, definite, edge, limit, to be the edge or limit of anything, to bound 

 it; this signification is extended in the distinctive form ahli, to be the whole of anything, hence 

 to be true, truth. 



A. P. S — VOL. XI. — 13e 



