Brinton.] '-'^* [February 4, 



o, om, on. This is a more definite locative tlian a, ai, and may be trans- 

 lated^ by on or upon; as, onbinili, to sit on; ontalali, to ride on; oyihlepa? 

 to fusil upon; ontalali, to set on or vipon. 



2. Distinctives: 



Et, anet, here, hither, to this place; et is the simple form, anet the in- 

 tensive; et is from the verb echi, to reach, hand, or hold this way, to pass 

 in this direction, intensive form anechi. These particles are transitive 

 verbs, and are connected by the letter t with other verbs. Echi has the 

 form of a causative verb, ishtishko g. echih, pass the cup hither. Ex- 

 amples: et kanchi, to cast it this way; et anoli, to report hither; et anuk 

 fiUi, to think this way; awethikia, to stand this way, toward the speaker. 



Pit, thither. This is a subjective directive (made so by the t). It is 

 from the verb pila, to send off, or throw, from the speaker to some other 

 point. Examples: pit kanchi, to throw that way; pitanoli, to report it 

 thither; pit anukfiUi, to think of thither; pit hikia, to stand or lean that way. 



3. Instrrunental: 



Isht, with. This is derived from the verb ishi, to take, with t distinct 

 tive and continuative. Its literal meaning is often lost in the many uses 

 it has as a prefix. Examples: ishtabeka, to be sick with; ishtanowa, to 

 walk with; ishtan umpuli, to talk of; ishtanuk fiUi, to think abovit; isht- 

 holitopa, to take it and be rich. 



4. Of motion. 



Ant, from ayvt, means motion hither, to a place; as, ant anta, to come 

 and stay. 



Ont, from onvt, means motion thither to a place; as, ont anta, to go and 

 stay. 



5. Social. 



Iba, with, in company with, awaya, to go with, awant, to bring with. 

 Examples: ibatoksvli, to work with; ibapisa, to see with, a school-mate; 

 itanowa, to travel together, a fellow-traveler; awantanta, to stay with; 

 awantia to go with, awaya, to marry, fem. i. e., she married him; itawaya, 

 he marries her, or they marry. 



6. The war or fire particle: 



This is ito, before a consonant; it, before a vowel. This particle implies 

 mutuality of action between the fire and what is put on it, or between 

 those who kindle fii'es in a hostile manner against each other. Examples: 

 oti, to kindle a fire; itoti, to fire each other; itotia, to go to war; itotaya, 

 to wage war by fires. It is used in the New Testament, Mat. VII. 50, tvli 

 a bila luak chito kg, pit ito — ashacha he, to cast them into the furnace of 

 fire. This particle ito may help us to understand how wars were formerly 

 waged by fire rather than by weapons, these being very imperfect in con- 

 struction, while fire was always at hand. 



§ 3. These particles have various combinations with each other; as, aio, 

 aiom, ai on, ont ai, ant ai, ont isht, ant isht, isht o, etc., but as they are 

 written separately, they can be readily understood. Examples : ont ai isht 

 ia, go and of it take and go; isht imai achukma hokeh, they take and in 

 them have j)leasure, it is so; ishtai o holissochi, to write on it therewith. 



