1870.] ' 3d3 [Uiinton. 



CHAPTER VII. 



§ 1. Adverbs in Choctaw are verbs as well as adverbs. They are either 

 primitive or derived. The former are single words, such as beka, always; 

 bano, only; ilia, merely; tokba, very much; a^ili, certainly; pulla, surely. 



§ 2. Derived adverbs are formed in various ways. When two verbs 

 have a connective between them, the first of them may serve merely to 

 qualify the second and must then be rendered adverbially, though both 

 may be parsed as verbs; as, achukmalit hvsh hoyashke, do ye search dili- 

 gently, Mat. II. 8. 



Adverbs of place are formed from the demonstrative pronouns ilvppa, 

 here; yvmma, there. These take some of the article- pronouns; ilvppakinli, 

 right here; yvmmakinli, right there. 



Adverbs of number are derived from the numerals; as, ushta ha, four 

 times; ai ushtaha, at the fourth time. 



Adverbs of time past are derived from the definite article-pronoun ash, 

 renewed mention; as, misli ash, day before yesterday; hopakik ash, long 

 since, long ago. 



Adverbs modify each other; fehna chohmi, somewhat very; fehna pulla, 

 surely very. The degree of modification is varied after the manner of ad- 

 jectives, by emphasis, by prolonging the sound of a word, or by inserting 

 a syllable; as, fehna, fiena; cheki, chehki; chiki, chehika. 



Diminutives are formed by adding si; as, olatomasi from olatoma, this 

 way, on this side of ; bilikasi from bilika, close by. 



§ 3. Interrogatives. These are definite and distinctive. The distinctive 

 calls for a definite answer; katima ish ia hoh cho? where are you going ? 

 anchuka ia lih, I am going to my house. 



In speaking an interrogative tone is used, and to increase the strength 

 of the interrogation the final syllable ends with a nasal sound; antg,? is he 

 staying ? minti ? is he coming ? As there is no predicate in such inter- 

 rogations, the verbal h final is dropped. There is a milder interrogative 

 where the nasal sound is dropped, and the h predicative is suffixed; as, 

 yohmik ah ? is it thus ? yobatuh ah ? could it be ? Interrogatives with 

 the nasal are distinctive; without the nasal they are definite. 



An interrogative in the negative demands an afifinnative reply ; as, 

 yvmmak keyu ? is it not that ?^it is that. 



The principal interrogative adverbs are katima ? or mvto ? where ? 

 nauta? what? katiohmi? how? cho? an interrogative particle. Ex- 

 amples: 



Katima ishia h§, ? Where did you go ? (definite.) 



Katima ishia ho ? Where did you go ? (distinctive.) 



§ 4. Adverbs take the article-pronouns, and some inseparable pronouns; 

 as, sa tikba, before me (in place); an tikba, before me (in time). When 

 they foUow verbs, the article-pronouns of the verbs are removed, and 

 placed after the adverbs. 



