1874.] -J*!- [Delmar. 



700,000, or 13 per cent, of the whole, leaving the vwral p^pulition to 

 consist of 4,503,405, or 87 per cent, of the whole. 



Occupations. 



There are no manufactures in Egypt except those owned and managed 

 by "the government," or, in other words, Ismail, son of Ibrahim. The 

 principal ones are the two cotton cloth factories which supply the coarse 

 white cotton clothing used by the soldiers, and the blue stuff of cotton 

 and wool worn by the peasant women. One of tliese is at Boulac, the 

 other at Choubra, near Cairo. Together they employ 1,438 workmen, 

 and produce annually $122,970 worth of cloth and $13,740 worth of linen 

 — an average of $95 per workman. There is a manufactory of tarboocbes 

 (these are the national cap) and carpets at Fueh ; a printing establishment 

 at Boulac for Turkish and Arabian works, which employs about 150 work- 

 men ; a paper-mill at Boulac, which employs 50 workmen, and produces 

 annually 350 cantars of wrapping, and 66,500 reams of printing, writing 

 and colored papers ; two gunpowder-mills worked by mule-power, near 

 Cairo ; several large bakeries at Cairo, which together consume about 

 800,000 barrels of flour per annum ; and some other small works. 



These, with the salt-works monopoly, which turns out some 360,000' 

 bushels of salt per annum ; the fisheries, which employ 3,760 persons on 

 salt, and about 6,000 on fresh, water ; seventeen short railways and. 

 branches ; the telegraphs, the Nile steamboats, and a few navigable 

 canals, are all the industrial works in Egypt, unless the manufacture of 

 native sug^r and ginning of native cotton are included in the same cate- 

 gory. They are all owned and managed by the Khedive, who, by thus 

 engrossing all the branches of trade, effectually crushes native, and shuts 

 out foreiga, capital and enterprise. Meheraet All made strenuous efforts 

 to become a cotton manufacturer, and at one time had 44 factories and 

 20,000 operatives, consuming annually 30,000 cantars of cotton, at v.'ork ; 

 but the enterprise was abandoned. 



A considerable portion of the persons employed in the present industrial 

 works in Egypt are foreigners ; even the fisheries, employing many 

 Maltese, Greeks and Italians. The mimber of those employed in agri- 

 culture, including their families, is estimated at 4,400,000, or about 85 

 per cent, of the whole population — a number and proportion nearly ident- 

 ical with those of the entire rural population. o 



Size op Farms. 

 The Viceroy, or Khedive, and his family cultivate one-fourth of all the 

 arable land. A farm of the late El Hami Pasha consisted of 39,368 acres,, 

 of which 13,344 were let. There are other large estates. The holdings 

 among the fellahdeen, or peasantry, range from one-eighth of an acre to- 

 oue acre in size. 



Land Tenures, 



Theoretically, all lands were held of God by the Sultan of Turkey. In 

 Egypt the Viceroy stood in place of the Sultan, and had. power to grant 

 a. p. e. — VOL. XIV. 2e 



