110 MR. K. ANDERSEN ON BATS [May 16, 
equinum, three eastern (iippon, tragatus, regulus), and three 
western (proximus, the typical form, and obscurus). They are 
sufficiently differentiated to need technical names, but in no 
respect—in the external characters, in the skull, in the dentition— 
is there a sharp “hard-and-fast” line between them :— 
Tn the extreme east (S. China and Japan) we find a Bat (mippor) 
of moderate size and with rather small teeth; the dentition, too, 
has remained on a rather primitive stage of development; but the 
horse-shoe and nasal swellings are very broad. Some of these 
peculiarities, viz. the broad horse-shoe and nasal swellings, are 
preserved in the Central Himalayan tragatws, but the general size 
of the animal is increased, the skull and teeth very large, the 
dentition more highly developed. This latte character reaches a 
climax in the next form, regulus, from the N.W. Himalayas, but 
at the same time the horse-shoe and nasal swellings are markedly 
narrower; in this respect regulus evidently shows tendencies 
towards the western races, as also might be expected from its 
habitat.—These three Bats constitute what I call the ‘“ eastern” 
races of ferrwm-equinum. The geographical line separating them 
from the western races must be drawn somewhere between Masuri 
and Gilgit, at the border between the Oriental and Palearctic 
Regions. East of that line the individuals are generally larger, 
with broader horse-shoe; the lateral mental grooves not rarely 
fully developed; the tail on an average only 13 the length of the 
lower leg. 
Passing from Masuri (still regulus) to Gilgit, on the extreme 
north-western, ‘ Palearctic” side of the Himalayas, we find a 
form (proximus) with small and slender skull, narrower horse- 
shoe and nasal-swellings ; which give it a decidedly ‘“ western ” 
aspect, and contrast it with its eastern neighbour, vegulus ; 
but it has retained the somewhat shorter tail characteristic 
of the eastern races. The typical form has got rid also of this 
reminiscence, but, as a matter of fact, also in this race now 
and then, though rarely, individuals occur which ‘fall back” to 
the shorter-tailed eastern stage. The typical form leads to the 
generally smaller, extreme south-western race (obscwrus : Spain, 
Algeria). 
A closer study of these races, as compared with the Ethiopian 
Rh. augur and Rh. deckeni, will throw some ‘light on the past 
history of the ferrwm-equinum type (see the “ General Remarks” 
on the simplex group, below, p. 118). 
14a. RHINOLOPHUS FERRUM-EQUINUM NIPPON Temi. 
Rhinolophus nippon Temminck, Mon. Mamm. 1. 8° monogr. 
(1835) p. 30a; Temminck & Schlegel, Fauna Japonica (1842), 
p. 14, pl. iii. figs. 1, 2; Peters, MB. Akad. Berlin, 1871, p. 312. 
Rhinolophus ferrwm-equinum (partim) Dobson, Cat. Chir. 
Brit. Mus. (1878) p. 119. 
Diagnosis. Size moderate, horse-shoe very broad. Skull smail, 
but with rather broad nasal swellings; tooth-rows very short. 
