1905.] OF THE GENUS RHINOLOPHUS. ITE 
point. The geographical line separating the two branches coin- 
cides with the line separating the ‘‘ Austro-Malayan” from the 
“Tndo-Malayan” subregion (Celebes being a part of the latter). 
The eastern branch is, as yet, represented by four known species 
Rh. simplex, megaphyllus, truncatus, and nanus. The western by 
all the others. 
The further evolution, from borneensis to ferrum-equinum, has 
been discussed above, and is summed up, in the briefest possible 
form, in the subjoined diagram (p. 120). But the sketch of this 
group would be deprived of some of its most instructive features 
if the Ethiopian species were left quite out of consideration. They 
belong to three closely related types :— 
(1) Ethiopian species of the borneensis-stheno-rouxi type.— 
Far south in Africa, in Bechuanaland and Mashonaland, we find 
two small species, Rh. denti and simulator, described quite 
recently *. They are the Ethiopian representatives of the borneen- 
sis type: the same general shape of the skull; essentially the same 
dentition; the same parallel-margined sella, with a faint or 
almost imperceptible constriction at the middle; the same style 
of connecting process; the same proportionate length of the 
fourth and fifth metacarpals ; even the same length of the tail, &c. 
But there are, in these species, three characters of especial in- 
terest, because they enable us to determine still more precisely 
their phylogenetic place: the nasal swellings (side view) are more 
projecting than in borneensis, but less than in stheno; III. is 
lengthened, and IV.’ somewhat shortened, as in this species,— 
proving that they have originated from a Bat which had already 
traversed a part of the distance separating borneensis and 
stheno. The dentition is on a slightly higher level than in 
borneensis and stheno, the only difference being that p”, although 
still in the tooth-row (as in the Oriental species), shows a distinct. 
tendency fowards the external side.: 
In the extreme south of Africa (Cape Colony) we find a species, 
Rh. capensis, which, quite superficially, looks like an enlarged 
Rh. simulator. It is an African representative of Rh. rowxi: the 
skull is to such a degree that of roux? that it would be hard to find 
any tangible difference, even the measurements being practically 
the same (on an average smaller than in rowwi); the nose-leaves 
(sella, process, lancet) are the same; proportionate length of 
fourth and fifth metacarpals, of tail and tibia, the same. But 
the dentition is somewhat more advanced: p is generally ex- 
ternal, but still, very often, a quite distinct interspace between 
the canine and p‘ indicates its former place; IIT.° is somewhat 
lengthened. In short: Rh. capensis isa “Rh. rowxt ” which in 
the wing-structure has taken a course towards, in the dentition 
very slightly beyond, the affinis-stage. 
(2) Ethiopian species of the aftinis-type.—On the coasts of the 
Red Sea we find a species, Rh. clivosus, first made known by 
Cretzschmar from Mohila in Arabia; I have seen examples from 
* Thomas, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xiii. (1904) p. 386; Andersen, op. cit. (7) 
xiv. (1904) p. 384. 
