136 MR. K, ANDERSEN ON BATS [May 16, 
the faunistic attinities of that island; and it has established itself 
on the western coast of the Indian Peninsula (gracilis). I have 
but very little doubt that now, when attention has been called to 
the differences of all these forms of the mznor-type, it will be 
found algo in other parts of the Indian Peninsula. 
Tf any inference can be drawn from fragments of a skull and 
the external characters, the swbbadius-type would appear to be 
an offshoot of the minor-type: already in minor and cornutus 
the process is a little sharper-pointed than in lepidus; in swbbadius 
and monoceros this tendency is carried much further, 
The skull of the species of the acwminatus section (Java— 
Lombok, Sumatra—Engano) is of the lepidws-type; the process 
too; the colour remarkably like that of refulgens. This leads me 
to suppose that acuminatus and its allies (swmatranus, calypso) 
are scarcely more than giant representatives of the lepidus-type. 
Tt is the subbadius-type which, from a zoogeographical point 
of view, is by far the most interesting: it has spread southwest- 
wards over a vast part of the Ethiopian Region, and westwards 
over the Mediterranean countries :— 
(1) The empusa-type.—Rh. empusa* and blasti have progressed 
further on the way already indicated by Rh. subbadius. They 
have the small skull and the small teeth characteristic of m¢nor- 
subbadius ; in the shape of the skull there is no essential difference ; 
the dentition is identically the seme; the process is that of a swb- 
badius; the sella is deltoid, that is: the tendency, in the subbadius- 
sella (as emphasised above), towards assuming a subacute summit 
has been further developed; and we still see the constriction at 
the middle of the sella. But empusa and blasii are (as‘always the 
Ethiopian and W. Palearctic species) in several points more highly 
developed: III.? is lengthened (about, or more than, 14 the length 
of I11.); also IV. is very much longer (not far from twice the 
length of IV'.). 2h. empusa is, however, an inhabitant of Nyasa- 
land, far 8. of the Equator, Ah. blasii of the Mediterranean 
Subregion; thus, the two extremely closely allied species are 
now separated by an enormous tract, where no relative appears 
to occur. As we now know that they are descendants of the 
Oriental subbadius-type, the explanation seems to be quite clear: 
one branch spread southwestwards, into the Ethiopian Region, 
and developed into 2A. empusa (slightly more primitive dentition ; 
shorter ears, broader horse-shoe); another westwards into the 
Mediterranean countries, Rh. blasii. There is an instructive fact 
connected with these two Bats: I believe them to be compara- 
tively recent intruders into their areas; Ah. empusa is known 
from one specimen only, from the very Hast of Tropical Africa ; 
Rh. blasii is much more common in the Hastern Mediterranean 
tract, and still it does not seem to have reached Spain ’. 
* Andersen, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xiv. (1904) p. 378 (there is a misprint on 
p. 380: the length of the mandible is 1271, not 13°1 mm.). 
+ Not recorded in Cabrera Latorre’s “Quirépteros de Hspafa,” Mem. Soc. Espan. 
Hist. Nat. ii. (1904). Iam also not satisfied that there is any reliable record from 
the African coast of the Mediterranean. 
