1905. | ANATOMY OF LIMICOLINE BIRDS. 165 
proximal portion is well marked in Scolopax, Himantiopus, 
Gallinago, Rhynchea, Vanellus, Charadrius, Thinocorus, and 
Glareola, but it disappears before reaching the elbow. It 1s 
absent in Chionis. 
Ilio-tibialis internus seu sartorius.—This muscle is practically 
identical in all the birds on my list. It arises from the anterior 
edge and a narrow portion of the anterior dorsal extremity of 
the ilium, and has the usual insertion to the fascie over the 
knee-capsule. In most cases, it shows little sign of fusion with 
the anterior edge of the ilio-tibialis. 
Iio-tibialis.—In all these birds this muscle is large, the post- 
acetabular portion having a strong fleshy origin, whereas the 
anterior portion is more membranous. 
Iio-trochanterici posterior, anterior ct medius.—These muscles 
are all present in typical form in these birds, except that in 
Thinocorus, Edicnemus, and Hydrophasianus the anterior and 
medius are nearly fused, showing only a trace of separation at 
their tendon of insertion to the femur. 
Nio-trochantericus externus.—This variable muscle is present 
in all these birds, but is extremely small in Zhimocorus. 
Ambiens.—This important muscle is present in all the birds 
on my list, and, in the normal fashion, ends in a tendon which 
passes through the capsule of the knee-joint and is reinforced 
(except in Chionis) by a ligament from the head of the fibula, 
finally forming one of the heads of origin of the muscle complex 
which gives rise to the perforated flexors of the second, third, and 
fourth digits. 
Femori-tibiales sew Crureus and Vastus.—These muscles are 
alike in all the birds on my list, corresponding almost exactly 
with the condition I found in Gruiform birds (7), with the 
exception that in Thinocorus the femoro-tibialis externus is not 
developed as a separate slip. 
Caud-ilio-femoralis (Femoro-caudal and accessory F.-c.) (text- 
fig. 28, p. 166).—The condition of these muscles, to which the 
researches of Garrod, Forbes, and Beddard have given special 
importance, differs in @dicnemus from that found in the others. 
In @dicnemus, as in Otis and many Gruiform birds, the portion 
with a caudal origin (“ femoro-caudal ” of Garrod) is totally absent ; 
the portion arising from the ilium (“accessory femoro-caudal” of 
Garrod) is present and has the usual relations, but displays a 
considerable tendinous area in the middle of its muscular belly— 
an obvious sign of degeneration, to which I have already called 
attention (7). 
The condition in Chionis (text-fig. 28, p. 166) is more generalised. 
Both muscles are present, the caudal portion (CAUD. IL. F. 2) 
displaying a fairly large rounded belly, which tapers to the tendon 
of origin which is inserted to the femur just distad of the in- 
sertion of the iliac portion. The iliac portion (CAUD. IL. F. 1) 
has a fan-shaped origin from the ilium, displaying on its proximal 
border a well-marked area of tendinous degeneration (X), and is 
