1905. | ANATOMY OF LIMICOLINE BIRDS. 167 
muscles are present, and, save that in Hydrophasianus and 
Himantopus the semitendinosus and its accessory or femoral head 
were very small, the conditions I did not find to differ from the 
generalised state found in Gruiform birds. 
Insertions of Caud-ilio-flexorius, Ischio-flexorius, and middle or 
posterior femoral head of Gastrocnemius—In a former 
communication to this Society (7) I described the differences 
that exist amongst Gruiform birds in this respect, and 
I grouped these divergences round four central types. The 
conditions in the Limicole are more uniform, and may be 
explained by comparison with the figure of the Otis type (7, text- 
fig. 83, p. 651). In all the birds the internal adductor muscle 
(Pub-ischio-femoralis internus) sends a strong slip to the middle 
head (internal femoral) of the gastrocnemius, or may be actually 
fused with it. The internal femoral head of the gastrocnemius 
at its Insertion to the femur is parallel with and ‘distad of the 
accessory or femoral attachment of the caud-ilio-flexorius; in 
Vanellus and Himantopus the edges of the two are in close contact, 
although they are not actually fused asin the Rallide. In all 
the other birds on my list they are quite asin Otis. From the 
raphe between the accessory and main portion of the caud-ilio- 
flexorius a strong fibrous band runs downwards fusing with the 
middle head of the gastrocnemius, whilst another band from 
the same point of origin runs across to be inserted into the 
tibia, under the tibial portion of the gastrocnemius, generally in 
association with the similar insertion of the ischio-flexorius. 
Gastrocnemius, external femoral head.—This is double in 
Vanellus, Himantopus, and Charadrius, single in all the others. 
The two heads unite before the muscle joins with the conjoined 
tibial and inner femoral portions. This recalls the similar 
doubling in Cariama, the three heads in Ofis and Hurypyga, and 
the enormous undivided head in AHeliornis. I have not in- 
formation as to the occurrence of a similar variation of the external 
head of the gastrocnemius in other groups. 
Ilio-fibularis (text-fig. 28, IL.FIB. (1) & (2))—This muscle, 
with its sling and connections, exhibits practically identical 
conditions, and these not differing from the state in the Grui- 
formes generally in all the birds on my list. The fleshy origin 
is unusually large. 
Pub-ischio-femorales (adductors).—These are both present in 
all the birds on the list. As I have mentioned above, the internal 
adductor has usually a strong connection with the middle head of 
the gastrocnemius. It is wider than the external adductor and 
shows traces of tendinous degeneration. 
Tibialis anticus and Solews.—These are present and normal in 
all the birds on the list, the tibialis anticus passing through a 
ligamentous ridge. 
” Bectensor digitorum communis.—This has the normal arrange- 
ment and relations in all. Its tendon of insertion breaks up into 
two central slips for digit 3 and a single lateral slip at each 
