824 SIR RAY LANKESTER ON THE [-^Pl"- ''»• 



ossified parts. The fact, however, as we have seen, is that the long- 

 necked Giraffe pi-esents a smaller development of these processes of 

 the vertebrae of the cervico-dorsal region than does the shorter- 

 necked Okapi ; the Girafie's cervicals (from cerv. 3 backwards) are 

 practically all alike, and even the first dorsal is not so marked in 

 the contrast it presents to the cervicals as is the first dorsal of Okapi 

 to the cervicals in front of cerv, 7, which is, itself, strongly 

 dorsal in character in the contrast it presents. 



The sloping forwards of the neural spine of the first dorsal 

 of Girafi"e and the inclination of the plate formed by the superior 

 transverse process and anterior zygapophysis in that vertebra is 

 similar to that of the vertebrae in front of it (see text-fig. 60, ts. 

 & l.z.a.). 



The condition of the vertebra; cerv. 5, 6, 7, and dors. 1, in 

 Okapi, thus seen in lateral view, is however not in any way 

 peculiar to Okapi. It is the condition common to the Artiodactyle 

 Ruminants, as is shown by the drawing of the same four vertebrae 

 of the common Bovine {Bos sp.) given in text-fig. 62. In all the 

 features above noted, in which the vertebrae of Okapi differ from 

 those of Giraffe, Okapi agrees with the Bovine. The large flange-like 

 development of the inferior transverse process of the sixth cervical, 

 giving it a wide posterior extension, is present in all Cavicorn and 

 Cervine genera. It is, moreover, as well marked in the long- 

 necked Camel as in the short-necked Bovines, and is present 

 in the non-ruminant forms, the Pigs and the Hippopotamus. 

 In the Camel (text-fig. 63) the inferior transverse process of 

 the fifth, fourth, and third cervicals is large, plate-like and tri- 

 angular, wanting the large posterior growth characteristic of the 

 sixth cervical. 



But in the Pigs — presumably a more primitive stage of Artio- 

 dactyle development than that presented by any of the Ruminants — 

 the inferior transverse process has a broad square outline (with 

 posterior region well developed), in the fifth and fourth cervicals 

 as well as in the sixth, though the process is biggest in the sixth 

 and totally absent in the dorsal-like seventh. In the third 

 cervical the inferior transverse process is much less in lateral out- 

 growth, but still has a strongly developed posterior region project- 

 ing backwards below and behind the superior transverse process. 



The inferior transverse process of the cervical vertebrae is well 

 developed in the Carnivora as in the Pig, the special enlargement 

 and plate-like character of that of the sixth cervical being as in the 

 Ungulata. 



In the Insectivora— as shown more especially by Centetes — the 

 superior transverse process of cervicals 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, and even 1, 

 is well developed, and it is only on cerv. 6 that the inferior trans- 

 verse process is developed to any size ; cervicals 5 and 4 have 

 a small development of it. In the Hedgehog the inferior 

 transverse process of cervical 6 is enormous and grows downward 

 and backward on each side of the neck as a very obvious and 

 striking pair of plates. 



