ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 215 



cells of Ornithogalum pyramidale he found what seemed a well-marked 

 body inside the nucleolus of a cell, and the same was found on care- 

 fully examining the others. The epidermis was quite fresh, and had 

 been stained in alcoholic solution of eosin — an excellent stain for 

 demonstrating minute structure. Numerous other flowering plants 

 were examined, and in the whole of these the new structure was found 

 to be present in the cells of the epidermis, lamina, petiole, stem, and 

 root, as also in Cryptogams, such as Equisetum limosum, Chara, Sjn- 

 rogi/ra, &c. It is round or slightly oval in outline, and exhibits a 

 clear bounding wall, diiferentiating it from the substance of the 

 nucleolus. Aqueous solution of logwood reveals the outline well, still 

 better is a solution of iodine ; but preferable to either of these is a 

 ;j per cent, solution of eosin in common methylated spirit.* 



To this new factor in the vegetable cell the author proposes to 

 apply the term nucleolo-nucleus. His investigations led him strongly 

 to the conclusion that the nucleolus is also an invariable element ; in 

 fact, all the tissue systems of every plant which have come under his 

 notice in the present connection have been found to be provided 

 invariably with a nucleus, nucleolus, and nucleolo-nucleus, if the cell 

 is still active. To ascertain, if possible, the function of these, and 

 their role in division of the cell, he examined OrnitJiogalum pyrami- 

 dale, Scilla bifolia, Spirogyra nitida, and Equisetum limosum, and the 

 general results as to division are summed up thus : — 



(a) In division of the cell the nucleolo-nucleus probably divides 

 first. 



(6) The nucleolus undoubtedly divides next, and this is followed 

 by division of the nucleus. 



(c) During division of the nucleus a nuclear plate with nuclear 



disli is formed occasionally. 



(d) If a septum is laid down, this is always preceded by formation 



of a nuclear barrel and cell-plate. 



Fertilization of Apoeynacese-t — F. Ludwig gives a comparative 

 sketch of the various very interesting modes of cross-fertilization in 

 the Apocynacese, especially in the genera Apocynum, Vinca, and 

 Nerium, illustrated with woodcuts. 



Cross-fertilization and Distribution of Seeds. J — F. Hildebrand 

 describes the peculiar arrangements for cross-fertilization in Eremurus 

 spectabilis (Liliacese), in which the perianth withers before either the 

 male or female organ is mature ; and in Rhodora canadensis, in which 

 self-fertilization is almost absolutely prevented by the position of the 

 stigma. 



In Aponogeton distachyum the distribution of the seeds is promoted 

 by their possessing air-containing intercellular spaces, by means 



* The author also says that he examined a preparation of cerebellum. " la 

 the large multipolar nerve -cells a nucleolus has long been known to exist, but 



inside many nucleoli this new structure was quite visible It has been 



mentioned before casually, but no importance was attached to it. On looking 

 over various zoological works one finds that it is figured repeatedly." 



t Bot. Centralbl, viii. (1881) pp. 183-9. 



X ' Flora,' Ixiv. (18S1) pp. 407-504 (1 pi.). 



