ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 65 



feathers. The Malpighian tubes are filamentar, four in number, 

 never branched ; the salivary organs are arranged in two pairs, and 

 consist of gland and reservoir ; they are ordinarily elongated and 

 oval, but in a species of Ldemohoihrium each gland was found to consist 

 of twenty small tubes. 



The copulatory organ is excessively complicated ; the apparently 

 missing segment of the male is invaginated, and is continued forwards 

 as a tube ; around its wall there are five to six layers of circularly 

 arranged muscles, and at the upper end there is a well-developed 

 bundle of longitudinal muscles, which no doubt serve to withdraw the 

 organ into the body ; within one tube there lies another which has 

 thin walls ; this is continuous anteriorly with a flagellum, which is beset 

 with a number of spines or setfe. Posteriorly it is grooved and there 

 receives the ductus ejaculatorius ; in copulation it is completely everted. 

 The oviduct is of considerable length, has a homogeneous investing 

 membrane and a circular layer of muscles, which increases in thick- 

 ness towards the orifice. There are seven pairs of stigmata, of which 

 six are abdominal and one prothoracic. In addition to a cylindrical 

 fat-body there are separate cells arranged in groups ; these are 

 continued into a thin and rather long stalk. The author was unable 

 to dissect out the dorsal vessel. 



The eyes are, as in other Mallophaga, simple stemmata, each of 

 which is directly innervated from the oesophageal ganglion. The 

 nervous system has been figured and described by Nitzsch. 



Nervous System of Phylloxera.* — M. V. Lemoine has made his 

 observations on Phylloxera punctata, and apterous agamic forms de- 

 veloped from agamic and from " dioecious " ova, the nymph, the winged 

 agamic form, and the male and female, have been examined. In the 

 adult agamic form the brain is reduced, the suboesophageal ganglion 

 contains three pairs of distinct centres, the thoracic ganglion forms 

 an elongated mass, terminating in a large elongated nerve-trunk 

 which is divided into a number of branches ; these nerves for the viscera 

 contain small masses of nerve-cells. In the young forms the sub- 

 oesophageal mass is more elongated and the commissural peduncles 

 are shorter ; this last character is very remarkable in the embryo ; in 

 the nymph the ganglionic chain is more and more concentrated in 

 the anterior regions of the body. As a result of the modifications 

 which go on, the optic lobes increase in size, and the compound eyes, 

 which are new formations, become intercalated in front of the three 

 primitive ocelli, which have persisted. In a female which had recently 

 been set free, and was consequently very favourable for study with 

 transmitted light, the antennary nerve was seen to present two 

 successive dilatations, the second of which was above the olfactory 

 fossa. The sympathetic system appears to be well developed. 



Classification of Insects, f— Prof. Brauer points out several facts 

 in the phyllogeny of insects, such as the early appearance of highly 



• Comptes Kendus, ci. (1885) pp. 961-3. 



t SB. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xci, (1885), Cf. Amer. Natural., xix. 0885) 

 pp. 999-1001. ^ ' 



Ser. 2.— Vol. VI. f 



