ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 83 



and is invested by an epithelium or cuticle. It is traversed by a 

 system of canals or lacunae wbicb are lined with epithelium; this 

 " canal-system " usually begins by numerous fine pores and terminates 

 in one or more so-called " oscula." Almost without exception the 

 body is supported by a skeleton of calcareous or siliceous spicules, or 

 by horny fibres, or by a combination of the two latter. Eeproduction 

 is sexual or by budding. The majority are marine; a few live in 

 fresh water. Fossil and recent." 



The Porifera are divided into P. non-calcarea and P. calcarea. 

 The first order of the former is that of the Hyalospongise (Hexacti- 

 nellidse), the suborders of which are Dictyonina (with the families 

 Euretidte, Coscinoporidfe, Mellitionidse, Ventriculitidje, Stauroder- 

 midae, Maeondrospongidte, Callodictyonidse, and Cceloptychidse) ; the 

 second suborder is that of the Lyssakina (with the families Eecep- 

 taculitidfe, Monakidfe, Pleionakidte, and Pollakidee). The second 

 order is that of the Spiculispongiae ; its first suborder the Lithistina 

 (families, Khizomorinidae, Megamorinidee, Anomocladinida3, and Te- 

 traclidinidae) ; the second suborder, Tetractina, contains the families 

 Geodidae, Ancorinidse, Plakinidae, and Corticidae ; the third suborder, 

 or that of the Oligosilicina, has in it the Chondrosidte and Halisar- 

 cidae ; the fourth, or Pseudotetraonina, contains only the Tethyadae ; 

 the fifth, Clavulina, the Polymastidae and Suberitidae. The third 

 order is that of the Cornacuspongiae, with the Halichondrina (families, 

 Halichondridae, Spongillidae, Desmacidonidas, and Ectyonidae), and as 

 a second suborder the Ceratina, in which are found the Spongelidae, 

 Spongidae, Aplysinidae, and Darwinellidae. 



Protozoa. 



Glycogen in the Protozoa.* — Prof. 0. Biitschli has undertaken 

 experiments as a confirmation of previous investigations in regard to 

 the composition of the granules of the endoplasm of Gregarinse, which 

 have been recently criticized by Frenzel.f From a number of 

 qualitative results (of somewhat indefinite character), the author con- 

 cludes that the substance composing these granules is glycogen, or a 

 compound of similar nature (" paraglycogen "), and he has identified 

 such a substance also in the Infusoria Nyctotherus ovalis, and 

 Stromhidium, confirming therefore the observations of Certes.| 



Reproduction of Infusoria.§ — Miss S. G. Foulke describes the 

 interesting phenomena of germ-formation in Chilomonas paramsecium, 

 one of the Flagellata Eustomata of Kent. 



The long oval infusor with its two flagella assumes a spherical or 

 amoeboid form, the refractive corpuscles round its cell-wall move 

 actively about in the now more fluid endoplasm, and finally the mass 

 liberates the spores by bursting like a bubble, or by gradually dis- 

 integrating, or by extruding a small vesicle enclosing the sj)ores and 

 then disintegrating. The meaning of the breaking-up recorded by 



* Zeitschr. f. Biol., xxi. (1SS5) pp. 603-12. 



t Arch. f. Mikr. Anat., xxiv. (1885) p. 545. See this Journal, v. (1885) p. 471. 



J See this Journal, iii. (1880) p. 285. 



§ Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., xvi. (1885) pp. 260-1 (1 pi.). 



G 2 



