ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 785 



potassium albuminate, prepared by Lieberkiihn's method, &c. For 

 conveying bacteria from one vessel to another, finely drawn-out glass 

 capillaries were used, first sterilized in a flame. 



The author describes the culture of the microbes on potatoes, 

 turnips, and on rye-bread ; and rules are given for the preparation of 

 the nutrient substance, the method of Koch and Brefeld being essen- 

 tially followed. After a longer or shorter time small patches, dotp, 

 elevations, cushions, and similar structures arise, due to the microhes 

 propagated from the saliva. These may be either (1) white moist 

 opaque elevations — micrococci and bacteria, or (2) grey, dry, some- 

 what transparent patches — bacilli, colonies of a leptothrix-ferment, or 

 oblong cells ; torula and round saccharomyces-cells constitute a 

 transition between the two ; Penicillium glaucuvi, Oidmm lactis, and a 

 few species of Mucor were also met -with, but the colonies of these 

 forms are very easily confounded with those named before. 



Culture on nutrient gelatine closely resembles that on potatoes ; 

 but many of the cultivated organisms deliquesce on the surface of 

 gelatine ; this is the case with the chromogenous bacteria, the spori- 

 ferous bacilli, PeniciUiiim, and Cladosporium. In the gelatine-culture 

 other phenomena also present themselves. Some forms grow down- 

 wards towards the bottom of the vessel, and form wedge-shaped 

 figures ; torula puts out lateral branches from these wedges ; other 

 forms spread out horizontally over the bottom ; Micrococcus luteus 

 forms delicate pellicles, from which threads branch vertically down- 

 wards ; Bacillus Ulna forms a kind of diffuse infiltration, which 

 descends into the gelatine and decomposes it on the surface. Culture 

 upon gelatinized serum presented no very distinct peculiarities. 



As regards the systematic position of the microbes observed, the 

 author speaks first of the Zygomycetes, Mucor racemosus and 

 stolonifer ; also M. spinosus, new to Denmark, but observed only 

 once. In all cases they had the faculty of forming torula-cells. 

 Among Ascomycetes, Penicillium glaucum and album were observed, 

 and among Hyphomycetes, Cladosporium herhanim, and Oidium lactis, 

 the latter being one of the most frequent of the saliva-organisms. 

 Torula was also found abundantly in nutrient fluids, and on gelatine 

 and potato ; when transferred to solutions of grape-sugar or to diluted 

 urine, it exhibited no power of fermentation or of inverting. Under 

 the name " toruloso colls " (hefedhnliche Zellen) the author describes 

 colourless or reddish cells, either roundish or elongated, and also 

 peculiar species of Saccharomyces, which are only stages of develop- 

 ment of higher fungi. One of these flesh-coloured species appears to 

 be allied to Cohn's Saccharomyces glutinis ; a second unnamed form 

 was 9-11 fj. long, 4 /j. broad, with drops of oil imbedded in the proto- 

 plasm ; a third consisted of round and elongated cells arranged in 

 colonies, 11 /x long, and 3 /x broad, with no drops of oil. Saccharo- 

 myces apiculatus was not observed. 



With regard to the Schizomycetes, the author considers that the 

 view of Zopf that the different forms are stages of development of the 

 same organism is true only of Leptothrix, which may go through all 

 the various forms, while all the other Schizomycetes have one form 



