ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 609 



4. Every egg that hatches into a male or female has been 

 previously fecundated. Queens that had been allowed to fly were 

 afterwards confined in hives containing no drones or drone brood, 

 and either laid no eggs, or laid eggs that did not hatch. 



5. Every queen whose sperniatheca is distended and filled with 

 liquid has been fertilized. 



6. The eggs of a queen that has never met a drone will not 

 hatch. 



7. There is no such thing as a fertile worker. Fertile eggs will 

 keep through the winter and hatch in the spring, and this hatching of 

 fertilized eggs in queenless colonies has led to the belief in fertile 

 workers. 



" The investigations," writes W. N. L.* " appear to have been 

 carefully and thoroughly conducted, and every result is based upon 

 repeated observations. Should they be confirmed, not only will the 

 theory and practice of bee-keeping be revolutionized, but another 

 example will be added to the many that go to prove how slow man- 

 kind should be to accept as true, conclusions opposed to the ordinary 

 laws of life. The continued reproduction of the aphides, sometimes 

 called parthenogenesis or virgin maternity, is really of a very different 

 nature. It is a process of budding differing from the budding of a 

 zoophyte chiefly in the fact that it takes place upon an internal 

 instead of upon an external surface." 



Eye of Chloe diptera.t — In this Ephemerid, according to G. V. 

 Ciaccio, the male, in addition to the compound eyes and ocelli of the 

 female, has two large accessory compound eyes. He has discovered 

 that these eyes " are distinguished in a marked manner from the 

 ordinary ones, not so much by differences in their colour and form 

 and the greater size of the crystalline cones, as by the fact that the 

 optic rods do not consist each of a single piece but of two differently 

 shaped and quite distinct portions, the one anterior, the other pos- 

 terior." The first has the form of a six-sided prism and is about the 

 same size as the rods of the ordinary eyes ; it consists of a whitish 

 filament containing a coloured granular substance. The second is a 

 single filament, endowed with a peculiar refractive power, and is a 

 prolongation of the first. In order to reach their respective cones, 

 all the filaments traverse together a substance composed of large 

 granules of a dirty white colour, verging on yellow. 



In the stemmata, moreover, there is a large biconvex crystalline 

 lens, placed just behind the cornea, which is curved, thin, and 

 " tessellated behind with small cubical cells." It also seems to Ciaccio 

 worthy of careful consideration, as not hitherto noticed in other 

 insects, that the lens is not chitinous, but consists of a peculiar, rather 

 soft substance, fairly transparent, containing a reticulation of very 

 delicate fibres, with round or oblong nuclei placed at the nodes of the 

 network. There is no capsule to the lens ; its place is taken by a 

 substance of the same character as that of the lens, but denser towards 



* Amer. Natural., xvi. (18S2) pp. 6S0-1. 



+ Rendic. Accad. Sci. Bologua, 1880-1. Of. Bull. Soc. Entomol. Ital.. xl. 

 (1S82) p. 154. 



