ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICBOSCOPY, ETC. 621 



organs instead of by the groups of animals ; he says in his preface 

 that he has constantly kept before himself, and hopes " the student 

 will faithfully bear in mind that there has been an evolution of organs 

 as well as of animals, and that he who desires to understand the most 

 complicated organs must first know the structure of such as are more 

 simply constituted." There are a large number of woodcuts, many 

 of which are new to English text-books, and the more important 

 discoveries of recent years appear to be incorporated with what the 

 author calls " the general property of zoological workers." There is 

 a copious index to the animals mentioned in the text. 



B. INVERTEBRATA. 



Action of Cocain on Invertebrates.* — M. Eichard finds that an 

 injection of hydrochlorate of cocain stops the heart of a snail in 

 diastole ; the animal will recover from a dose of 0*008 gr. ; it takes 

 longer to recover from twice as large a dose, and if ' 025 gr. are 

 given the animal takes two days to recover. An earthworm soon has 

 the middle part of its body rendered insensible by the injection of a 

 dose of 0*006 gr., but the two ends retain their power of movement ; 

 a further dose of the same strength causes the voluntary movements 

 to slowen gradually, but it takes 20 hours before they cease altogether. 

 A small colony of Bryozoa was placed in 5 c.c. of fresh water to which 

 * 5 c.c. of 100 per cent, solution of cocain were added ; the animals 

 remained extended ; ten minutes afterwards, a shaking of the glass 

 made them retreat normally. Daplmice resist for a long time the 

 action of the drug. Hyclrce in 5 c.c. of water to which 1 c.c. of the 

 solution was slowly added, died in an extended state, and for them 

 and for Bryozoa the author suggests the use of the drug as enabling 

 us to preserve these delicate animals in an extended condition. 



Enterochlorophyll and Allied Pigments.! — Dr. C. A. MacMunu 

 in 1883 described the spectroscopic and other characters of entero- 

 chlorophyll which was obtained from the liver or other appendage of 

 the entcron of various invertebrates. It is now shown that this 

 pigment is not due to the presence of symbiotic alga), or immediate 

 food-products, but is built up by the animal containing it. 



Taking the six bands % of vegetable chlorophyll in alcoholic solu- 

 tion described by Kraus, the first two and the fourth are coincident 

 with those of enterochlorophyll in a similar solution ; the third band 

 is, however, frequently missing from the latter. The fifth and sixth 

 bands belong to the yellow constituent, which Hansen shows to bo a 

 lipochrorae ; the corresponding bands in the case of enterochlorophyll 

 also belong to a lipochrome, and are not always coincident with the 

 lipoclu'ome bands of plant-chlorophyll. This was proved by saponi- 

 fying enterochlorophyll by Hansen's method. But saponification of 

 vegetable chlorophyll changes it considerably, as bands of a solution, 



♦ Comptes UetuluH, c. (188.")) pp. 1403-11. 

 t Prf)C. Koy. Soc., xxxviii. (ISH.i) pp. :{l!i-'22. 



X The five band.s in a leuf, as dciicribid by Kruim, can I)e bcim I)y iisiiif,' n 

 rnicro-spcctroBcope of Bmall (liHpcrsioii and a good subslagc acliroinatic coiidonBcr. 



