1044 SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO 



strongly developed ; while those parts which contain the palmella- 

 gonidia are much less luxuriant ; they usually have gonidia in their 

 middle, but no distinctly differentiated cortical layer. It is, however, 

 only these portions of the thallus which produce apothecia ; but no 

 spermogonia were detected in them. In the parts which contain the 

 glcBocapsa-gonidia, spermogonia were occasionally observed of the 

 same structure as those of Pyrenopsis. In the same crustaceous grain, 

 and sometimes at the same time, may be found an apothecium in the 

 part which contains palmella-gonidia, and a spermogonium in the part 

 which contains gloeocapsa-gonidia. 



From analogy with the development of L. hypnorum, the author 

 concludes that the portions of the thallus which contain gloeocapsa- 

 cells, and which are united in growth with grains which contain 

 palmella-gonidia, are true cephalodia, while those parts which are 

 somewhat more free develope into pseudo-cephalodia. In both these 

 species of Lecanora the thallus consists of two different parts, one 

 containing normal gonidia, the other a foreign alga ; in both parts the 

 foreign alga comes into contact with hyphae which envelope it, branch 

 in the algal colony, and form a hyphal system inclosing gonidia, in 

 other words a cephalodium. As compared with L. hypnorum the 

 gloeocapsa-gonidia have, in L. granatina, attained a much fuller 

 development in comparison with the normal gonidia. The disc of the 

 apothecia is even sometimes to a great extent covered by gloeocapsa- 

 colonies. 



Lecanora granatina may therefore be regarded as a lichen which 

 developes from a form with yellow-green gonidia (archilichen) to one 

 with blue-green gonidia (gloeolichen), or rather to a species of Pyre- 

 nopsis, the only distinction from P. pulvinata consisting in the presence 

 of an excipulum thallodes containing yellow-green gonidia. 



No previous instance has been observed of spermogonia occurring 

 in cephalodia ; but trichogynes and ascogeuous hyphse have not yet 

 been detected in them. It is, however, clearly demonstrated that from 

 hyphse which come into contact with free algal colonies, a hyphal 

 system containing spermogonia may be developed. 



Fungi. 



Hydrocarbon Reserve-products of Mushrooms.* — Dr. L. Errera 

 has demonstrated the similarity of the reserve nutritive products in 

 Phanerogams and Fungi. M. Errera has shown that just as in the 

 Phanerogams the reserve food-material is fuuud in starchy, oily, or 

 cellulose form, so it is in the mushrooms, where, however, glycogen 

 replaces starch. The sclerotia of the fungi were especially examined, 

 and during germination the glycogen of the sclerotium of e. g. Goprinus 

 niveus was seen to diminish and to migrate into the young fungus. 

 In the oily sclerotia (e. g. Claviceps purpurea) he has proved the 

 passage of oily material into glycogeu. Just as Sachs long since 

 demonstrated the change of oily material into starch in the germinating 

 seed, so M. Errera has shown in oily sclerotia (e. g. Claviceps purpurea) 



* Comptes Eenclus, ci. (1885) pp. 391-3. 



