ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 835 



which then exhibits a copious exudation of resin. The mischief is 

 greatly increased by the appearance of a beetle ( Tomicus typographies) 

 which riddles the tree with its galleries. The combined attack 

 rapidly results in the death of the tree. M. Lindemaun advises the 

 cutting down of the tree, and the isolation of its roots by trenching. 



Fungus-parasites of the Vine.* — M. E. Prillieux finds the roots 

 of vines affected by " pourridie " to be densely infested by two parasitic 

 fungi, Roesleria hypogsea and Dematophora necatrix. The roots 

 covered with the former fungus in a state of fructification are in no 

 way infested by the latter. 



New Parasitic Fungi on Corn.f — Dr. F. Morini has found a field 

 of wheat in the Bolognese territory, in which the leaf-sheaths were 

 spotted with black confluent streaks, and the lamina yellow and 

 withered. They proved to be attacked by parasitic fungi, the greater 

 part of the damage being done by two new species which are described 

 at length : — Sphserella exitialis and Scptoria Briosiana, 



Parasitic Fungus on Forest Trees.!— Sig. A. N. Berlese describes 

 and figures a little-known fungus widely distributed throughout 

 Europe, and parasitic on the poplar, willow, walnut, ash, maple, elm, 

 oak, mulberry, horse-chestnut, Robhiia Pseudacacia, &c. It is the 

 Lophiostoma Balsamianum Ces. and De Not., which he identifies with 

 L. excipuliforme Fr. and with Sphseria excipuliformis Berk, and Br. 



Polystigma fulvum, a new Almond Diseased— M. M. Cornu 

 records this fungus for the first time as the cause of a disease in 

 almond trees. It attacks the leaves, on which it causes brown-orange 

 spots. When these leaves fall to the ground, the red stroma becomes 

 black, and developes ascophorous conceptacles, as in the case of 

 P. rubrum. 



Intramolecular Respiration and Fermentation of Moulds.|| — 

 From experiments on Penicillium glaucum, Aspergillus niger, and 

 Mucor stolonifer, Herr N. W. Diakonow concludes that the formation 

 of carbon dioxide when no free oxygen is present is no universal 

 property, under all conditions, of living cells, but is dependent on 

 the specific nutrient substance ; moulds can maintain this formation 

 of carbon dioxide only when supplied with glucose. When supplied 

 with non-fermentive substances, or with those which are the best 

 nutrients with access of oxygen, the formation of carbon dioxide 

 ceases entirely as soon as the supply of oxygen is withdrawn. The 

 evolution of carbon dioxide by moulds in an atmosphere destitute of 

 oxygen ceases at once on the withdrawal of the glucose of the external 

 nutrient substance, although it may contain a substance which is 

 serviceable for normal respiration. When there is no free oxygen, 

 the carbon dioxide does not result from the decomposition of the 

 albuminoids. Glucose, as a fermentive nutrient, is alone capable of 



* Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xxxiii. (1886) pp. 36-7. 



t Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital., xviii. (1886) pp. 32-43. 



i Ibid., pp. 43-52 (1 pi.). § Comptes Rendus, xcii. (1886) pp. 981-3. 



|| Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Gescll., iv. (1886) pp. 2-7. 



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