ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 89 



is cast off in scales during the second year. Fresli assimilating cortex is 

 formed in the shoots of the current year. A somewhat similar process 

 takes place in Casuarina. 



"Curl" of Peach-leaves.* — Miss Etta L. Knowles sums up briefly 

 the action of Exoascus deformans on peach-leaves in the following 

 manner : — 



(1) A marked increase in width and thickness, accompanied by 

 great distortion. 



(2) Great multiplication of cells, particularly of the palisade-cells 

 and immediately adjacent parenchyma, by cell-division. 



(3) Thickening of the cell-walls and disappearauce of the inter- 

 cellular spaces. 



(4) Diminution of cell-contents, which often are almost or wholly 

 wanting. 



Plant Analysis as an Applied Science.f — In a useful lecture on this 

 subject, Miss H. C. de S. Abbott gives a resume of the more important 

 chemical tests used in discriminating the various substances found in 

 vegetable tissues, and of the practical value of the results thus obtained. 



B. CRYPTOGAMIA. 



Arthur's Report on Minnesota.^ — The following is an enumeration 

 of the number of species and varieties in each of the families of Crypto- 

 gams mentioned in Arthur's Report of Minnesota for 1886 : — Pterido- 

 phyta 26. Bryophyta 42. Carpophyta 242. Oophyta 11. Zygo- 

 phyta 45. Protophyta 28. 



The following new species are mentioned : — Among the Carpojmyta, 

 Puccinia halenise, P. ornala, Anthostoma flavo-viride, Nectria perforata, 

 Pamularia variegata, Zygodesmus sublilacinus, Ciboria tabacina, Peziza 

 (JDasys) borealis, and P. (Humaria) olivatra ; and among the Protophyta, 

 Synchytrium Asari. 



Cryptogamia Vascularis. 



Germination of Ferns.§ — Herr K. Goebel describes the germination 

 of the spores of several little-known ferns. In Vittaria the first product 

 is a filament which very soon divides into a plate of cells. Club-shaped 

 bulbils are produced in large numbers on the prothallium, consisting 

 of from six to nine cells, and placed upon peculiar semicylindrical 

 sterigmata. Antheridia may be produced on the bulbils. 



The germination of the spores of Trichomanes was observed in 

 T. maximum and diffusum. The prothallium is here filamentous ; arche- 

 gonia being produced at the ends, and antheridia at the middle of the 

 filaments. Bulbils were also observed consisting of a single cell placed 

 on a conical sterigraa. Hymenophjllum has also a filamentous prothallium 

 which produces gemmje borne on less distinct sterigmata ; and the 

 archegonia and antheridia are also described. 



Herr Goebel points out the parallelism between the development of 



* Bot. Gazette, xii. (1887) pp. 216-8. 



t Journ. Franklin Inst., cxxiv. (18S7) pp. 1-33. 



X Arthur, J. C, 'Report of Botauical Work in Minnesota for the year 1886' 

 56 pp., St. Paul, 1887. 



§ Ann. Jar.l. Bot. Buitenzorg, vii. (1887) pp. 74-119 (4 pis.). See Bot. 

 Centralbl., xxxii. (1887) p. 170. 



