ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 487 



chrome : — Chroococcacege, Oscillariacefe, Scytonemaceae, Nostocaceaa, 

 Eivulariacefe. b. Schizomycetes. Cell - contents without phyco- 

 chrome: — Micrococcacefe, Bacillacefe, Cladotrichaceae, Myconostaceae. 



2. Tefradosporece (Florideae). Thallus usually a weft of cells ; 

 the cellular structure resulting from the fertilization of a carpogonium 

 by non-ciliated spermatozoids fspermatia), formed in sporangia by 

 the budding or fission of rows of cells. Non-sexual reproductive cells 

 formed in tetrads. Cell-contents coloured by phycochrome or rhodo- 

 phyll, rarely by phycophsein (Dictyotacete) : — Bangiacete, Dictyotaceas, 

 Nemaliaceae, Lemaneacese. CeramiaceEe, Gigartinacese, Spheerococ- 

 caccce, EhodomelacesB. 



3. AsGosporece. Thallus, as a rale, woven into a mycelium ; 

 fructification produced nou-sexually or by budding from the carpo- 

 gonium : fertilization by means of spermatia or pollinodia ; spores 

 produced in asci by free cell-formation or apparent transverse septa- 

 tion ; non-sexual reproduction by means of abstricted germinal cells 

 or conidia ; cell-contents without chlorophyll. a. Gymnocarpi. 

 Asci single, collected into balls or a layer, without fi^rming a fructi- 

 fication ; spores produced by free cell-farmation : — Saccharomyces, 

 Ascomyces, Exoascus, Gymnoascns. b. ^cidiocarpi. Fructification 

 with asci which break up by transverse septation into rows of cells : — 

 Uredinese, Calyciaceee. c. Discocarpi. Fertilization open when 

 mature ; the spores, developed .in the asci by free cell-formation, 

 formed on an expanded layer: — Stictideae, Graphidete, Hysteriacese, 

 Bulgariaceee, Lecideaceee, Pezizacea3, CollemaceEe-, Parmeliace^, 

 Usneaceas. d. Porocarpi. Perithecium with an open pore, through 

 which the spores pass when they escape from the asci : — Laboul- 

 beniacese, Sphseriacese, Lichiuaceee, Verrucariacege, Pertusariace^. 

 e. Cleistocarpi. Perithecium closed, the spores escaping only by its 

 decay : — Erysiphaceae, Eurotiacea3, Tuberaceae. 



4. Basidiosporece. Thallus woven into a mycelium ; fructification 

 IH'oduced non-sexually (or by the fertilization of a carpogonium ?) 

 from the thallus; spores abstricted from basidia ; cell-contents 

 without chlorophyll : — Auriculariaceae, Tremellaceas, Hymenomycetes 

 (including Telephoraceee, Clavariacete, Polyporaceee, and Agaricacete), 

 Gasteromycetes (including Phallacefe, HymenogastraceEe, Lycoper- 

 dacese, and Nidulariaceae). 



II. Gamospore^. Cells free, in families, or united into families 

 or plates, or into a tissue. Keproduction by spores, produced from 

 the entire protoplasm or a portion of it, of all the cells of the thallus, 

 or of only certain cells (in the Fucacese only in definite regions of 

 the thallus, the fertile region), directly, or after previous coalescence 

 with a similar or with a sexually differentiated primordial cell, and 

 developing into a new organism. The union of the copulating cells, 

 on a favourable condition for it, is efiected by spontaneous motion, 

 usually by means of swarm-cells or zoogouidia. Cell-contents either 

 with or without chlorophyll. 



1. Conjugake. No zoogonidia ; sexual reproduction by zygospores ; 

 cells free or united into families (colonies or filaments), or inter- 

 woven into a mycelium, a. Zygoiihycefe : — Bacillariacefe, Desrai- 



