ZOOLOaY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 599 



to yellow hepatic cells. The liver itself opens into this stomach by 

 four lateral ducts and by an unpaired azygos one, and there are also 

 other smaller superior ducts for special acini. Unlike Claparede, the 

 author detected a pericardium. The receptacula seminis are two in 

 number, and are formed by membranous sacs. The vasa deferentia 

 open into an ampullar enlargement, analogous to the uterus of the 

 female. 



5, Crustacea. 



Crustacean Deformities.* — Mr. W. Faxon describes and figures 

 some of the more remarkable examples out of a collection of nearly 

 200 deformed lobster claws purchased by the Cambridge (U.S.A.) 

 Museum. The malformations range from slight deformities resulting 

 from incomplete restoration of lost parts, abnormal curvature of the 

 fingers to such as may, from the enormous development of abnormal 

 outgrowths, or the duplication of parts, be truly called monstrosities. 

 The majority of the irregularities have clearly resulted from injuries 

 received after moulting, before the new cuticle had been calcified, and 

 are mostly confined to the big claws. It is pointed out that it would 

 be a most interesting subject of study for any one who may come into 

 possession of specimens in a fresh or alcoholic state, to determine 

 what modifications of the soft parts — muscles, nerves, arteries, &c. — 

 are brought about by the deformities. 



The paper also contains a review of the various deformities which 

 have been described among Arthropods, which the author divides into 

 five categories : — (a) of deficiency — certain parts normally present 

 being wanting — never congenital among Crustacea; (b) of excess, 

 under which head fall most of the monstrosities among Arthropods ; 

 (c) of transformation, an organ being replaced wholly or in part by 

 another organ — common in plants, but rare in animals; (d) of 

 arrested development ; (e) of hermaphroditism, frequent in insects, 

 but only two cases recorded among Crustacea outside of those groups 

 in which it is the normal condition — viz. Cirrhipeds and parasitic 

 Isopods. 



Development of the AmpMpoda, t — B. Uljanin has principally 

 investigated the ova of the species of the genus Orcliestia. These, 

 when just laid, he finds to be coloured dark-violet and to be completely 

 opaque ; but the coloured spheres all belong to the nutrient yolk or 

 deutoplasm. There is a chorion, but no vitelline membrane, and on 

 account of their opacity nothing can be said as to the germinal vesicles 

 of these eggs. While within the brood-sac of the mother, a circular 

 groove divides the egg into two completely equal halves ; the greater 

 mass of the egg is, however, unsegmented, and in all the latter phases 

 segmentation appears to be always superficial. 



After the division into four equal parts, four very large amoeboid 

 cells may always be found within the egg ; these consist of a finely 

 granular protoplasm, which sends out a number of filamentar, and in 

 some cases very long, processes, while in their centre there is a vesi- 



* Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Cambridge, U.S.A., viii. (1881) pp. 257-74 (2 pis."). 

 t Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., xxxv. (1881) pp. -t-tO-GO (1 pi.). 



