ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 881 



Celleporce into Holostomatous, viz. those in which the orifice is not 

 sinuated or notched, and the Schizostomatous, viz, those in which 

 the orifice is notched or sinuated in front. 



A very important supplementary paper is added, in consequence 

 of Mr. Busk's attention being subsequently called to Mr. Waters' 

 paper on " The Use of the Opercula in the Determination of the 

 Cheilostomatous Bryozoa " ; and the idea then originated is carried 

 somewhat farther by an examination of the avicularian chitinous 

 mandibles, and figures and plates of the oral and avicularian covers 

 are given. Mr. Busk writes, " I have become convinced that the 

 characters derived from the chitinous organs will be found of the 

 greatest possible utility," and he considers that in Cellepora, Bete- 

 pora, and Salicornaria, the characters derived from these parts of the 

 skeleton will prove almost alone sufficient to determine specific 

 distinction. In the Celleporce there are often several kinds of 

 avicularia, but a small one, usually called the oral avicularium, is 

 universal ; the others Mr. Busk calls adventitious and vicarious. 

 The former occur on special adventitious processes, and the latter 

 occupy the place of a zooecium, and are at present known as zooecia 

 avicularia. 



Two points of structure in the avicularian mandible, to which 

 attention is called, are the foramina, and in the holostomatous 

 section, a minute slender projection rising from the middle of the 

 transverse bar forming the base of the mandible. Many will, how- 

 ever, find the great interest of the paper to be the direction of the 

 work, as adding the high authority of Mr. Busk for the modern use 

 of the oral aperture as the most important character, so that the 

 mode of examination and classification will become more uniform. 



' Challenger ' Bryozoa from Marion Islands.* — Mr. J. E. Y. 

 Goldstein describes five new species of Bryozoa from the South Indian 

 Ocean, distributed in Melbourne by the officers of the ' Challenger,' 

 and these he considers it better to describe at once rather than wait 

 for the official publication of the Expedition, although thereby work 

 in print may be anticipated. 



The author expresses partial dissatisfaction with Mr. Hincks's 

 recent classification, as he considers that it does not leave a place for 

 all the Australian forms, but there is another way in which Aus- 

 tralian authors may look upon the question, for by Mr. Hincks's wor- 

 they are shown the way in which the Australian fauna must be 

 examined, and instead of scanty and insufficient descriptions, we are 

 now, as in the paper under consideration, getting scientific descriptions 

 upon which changes in the classification can be based. 



One new genus, Malakosaria, represented by Malakosaria pliola- 

 ramphos, is created for forms closely allied to the genus Elzerina of 

 Lamouroux, which Mr. Goldstein is inclined to consider synonymous 

 with the later genus Farciminaria Busk. Malakosaria is defined as 

 " Zoarium chitinous, flexible, cells raised, flat, rounded, or tubular, not 

 bounded by raised lines." 



* Proc. Eoy. Soc. Victoria (read June 1881), 8 pp. (2 pis.). 

 Ser. 2.— Vol. I. 3 N 



