ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICEOSCOPY, ETC. 923 



especially with the Hepaticse, any abnormal development of the pro- 

 thallia of the former acquires special interest. A. Tomaschek has 

 induced prothallia of Equisetum to hibernate by growing them in a 

 warm situation. Under these conditions they attain a large amount 

 of independence, and produce new individuals abundantly by budding. 

 In Osmunda regalis these readily separate themselves, and propagate 

 independently, as is the case with many frondose Hepaticae, He was 

 able to maintain the life of prothallia of Equisetum variegatum through 

 a whole year, during which they attained a large size, and showed a 

 strong disposition to bud, producing but few archegonia, which all 

 aborted. 



Muscineae. 



European Species of Radula.* — Nees von Esenbeck described 

 only a single species of Badula, in which the male branchlets occur 

 on the same stem as the female. Several forms were subsequently 

 found, differing from the original one in some microscopic characters, 

 and especially in all being dioecious. J, B. Jack now describes seven 

 species, with the following distinguishing characters : — 



1. B. complanata (Dum.) Gottsche. Paroecious. Sub-pinnately 

 branched ; leaves patent ; superior lobe rounded. Yellowish green. 



2. B. Carringtonii Jack n. sp. Dioecious. Sub-pinnately branched ; 

 leaves patent ; superior lobe rounded. Dusky olive-coloured. 



3. B. Aquilegia Taylor. Dioecious. Sub-pinnate; leaves some- 

 what erect; superior lobe obovate-rounded, with recurved margin. 

 Olive-coloured. 



4. B. commutata Gottsche n. sp. Dioecious. Dichotomously 

 branched ; leaves somewhat erect, superior lobe obovate-rounded. 

 Yellowish green. 



5. B. germana Jack n. sp. Dioecious. Sub-pinnately branched ; 

 leaves somewhat erect, superior lobe obovate-rounded. Perianth 

 obconical. Yellowish green. 



6. B. Lindhergiana Gottsche. Dioecious. Sub-pinnately branched ; 

 leaves somewhat erect, superior lobe obovate-rounded. Perianth 

 obovate. Green. 



7. B. valuta Taylor. Dioecious. Pinnately decomposite ; leaves 

 patent, superior lobe rounded-cordate, somewhat wavy, prolonged 

 transversely beyond the stem. Pale green. 



The species are then fully described in detail. 



Structure of Marchantiese.t — The concluding part of Leitgeb's 

 work on the Hepaticte is devoted to the Marchantie^e, and to general 

 remarks on the whole group. In the first portion he describes in full 

 the structure of fifteen different genera. 



As regards the general structure of the group, Leitgeb fully 

 establishes the existence of one or two apical cells. There are, appa- 

 rently, in all Marchantieae two kinds of branching, dichotomous and 

 central, the habit of the plant being determined by the prevalence of 

 one or the other. 



* Flora, Ixiv. (1881) pp. 353-62, 385-400 (2 pis.). 



t H. Leitgeb, Unters. iib. die Lebermoose. 6 Heft. Die Marchantieeu. (Graz, 

 1881) 158 pp. (11 pis.) See Bot. Ztg., xxxix. (1881) p. 319. 



