254 ON SKULLS OF OXEN FROM NEWSTEAD. 



me that the Indian (Narbada and Siwaliks) and China Taurina 

 are the exact equivalents of the European Urus (Bos primigenms 

 Bojanus), excepting some very slight variations pi'oduced by 

 different geographical and local influences, so that the JBos nama- 

 dicus Falconer and Cautley would represent the European Urus 

 for the Asiatic Continent, especially the North Indian mountains 

 and their neighbovxrhood" *. 



In recapitulating the results of his studies of the bovids of 

 Anau, Duerst says: — " In the lower layers of period la from 

 — 24 feet upwards there occur the remains of a wild Bos nmnadicus 

 Falconer and Cautley. During period 16 there originates from 

 this wild form a domesticated bovid, large and stately, provided 

 with long horns. Judging from the measurements of the 

 preserved bones this is absolutely the same Ox that was possessed 

 by the Ancient Egyptians. 



" In the period II the size of the animal seems to have some- 

 what diminished, unless possibly a smaller bovid reached Anau 

 with the other newly imported domestic animals. It is, however, 

 possible that this form of cattle of the culture II originated in 

 a decline of the cattle-breeding of the later Anau-li ; as, indeed, 

 the originally large long-horned Ox of the early Babylonians had 

 already become small and shoi-t-horned in Assyrian times, and 

 to-day, after a relatively shorter intei-val, shows a tendency to 

 become hornless " f. 



Duerst goes on to say : — " The first remains of the long-horned 

 breed [Bos taurus macroceros) belong at Anau about 8000 B.C. We 

 find the same animal again about 3000 to 4000 B.C. in Babylonia 

 and Egypt. At about 6000 B.C., however, we find that the large 

 long-horned animal of Anau has become small and small-boned 

 and has developed into a short-horned breed {Bos hrachyceros)X. 

 Therefore all who do not believe in an autochthonous domesti- 

 cation of the animals for each separate culture-sphere must admit 

 that the original large and stately long-hornecl Ox of Anau was 

 spread by tribal migrations before 6000 B.C. to Pei-sia and 

 Mesopotamia and into Egypt and Central Africa on the one hand 

 and on the other to India and Eastern Asia, where according 

 to Chinese accounts it arrived in 3468 B.C. 



" Did the migration of the West occur only after the small 

 breed had become established, i. e. about 6000 B.C., or even between 

 6000 and 7000 B.C. w^hen the turbary sheep had formed ? To this 

 question we have as yet no answer. We must, however, add that 

 it was not in Anau alone that through unfavourable conditions 

 of life the originally large and stately Ox was changed into the 

 stunted and short-horned form {Bos taitrus hrachyceros). The 

 same change took place in Mesopotamia, as one may easily per- 

 ceive ni comparing the long-horned cattle of Chaldean or Sumero- 

 Accadian times with the Assyrian small short-horned and the 



* 'Animal Remains from Excavations at Anau,' Carnegie Institution of Wash- 

 ington, p. 361. 

 t Duerst, op. cit. p. 369. 

 J Sos hrachyceros is the same as JBos longifrons. 



