VARIATIOXS OF THE SPOTTED .SALAMANDER, 343 



red of different shades (brovvnisli red, greyish red, claret-red, 

 blood-red, vermilion, brick-red) is present, namely on the paro- 

 toids, on the forehead and vertex, round tlie eyes, at the angle of 

 the mouth, on the throat, and occasionally also over the whole 

 borly. Otherwise the Vienna individuals are mostly provided 

 with moderately large and moderately numerous spots, the 

 intensity of the shade of which varies to the extent that in 

 different examples from one and the same locality they may be 

 pale or deep yellow. 



4. Specimens from the Central Mountains of Germany, the 

 spurs and the lower region of the Alps (Salzburg, 450-638 m., 

 Kaumberg, Lower Austria, 490 m., Meran, Tyrol, 350 m., 

 Yillach, Carinthia, 500-600 m., Jenbach, Tyrol, 530 m., 

 Wochein Valley, Carniola, 510 m., Bozen, Tyrol, 250-300 m., 

 Ka.pfenberg, Upper Styria, 500 m., Wiesing, Bavaria, 750 m., 

 Mondsee, Upper Austria, 480 m., Kufstein, N. Tyrol, 490 m.) 

 show an average condition, i. e., the mostly irregularly formed 

 and distributed spots on the upper surface being moderately large 

 and numerous, those on the lower surface being scanty and 

 pale ; all sorts of shades of yellow are observable in different 

 individuals. 



5. In specimens from the Alpine region, from the upper limits 

 of the vertical range of the species (Salzburg, 1000 m., Bozen, 

 Tyrol, 920 m., Appenzell, Switzerland, over 1000 m.), the black 

 ground-colour predominates, the yellow spots being small, few, 

 and very pale. The lower surface is usually unspotted. Accord- 

 ing to Walter Bendt, of Gratz, a speciraen obtained on the 

 Schockl Plateau at an altitude of about 1230 m. (highest altitude 

 on record) had only a few spots which were not of a well-defined 

 yellow, but more brownish. 



6. Small number and size of spots are also shown by specimens 

 from S.E. Europe, viz., from Orsova (Jlde Mojsisovics), Monte- 

 negro (Jide Werner), and Athens (Jide Werner), and generally by 

 Turkish and Greek Salamanders, also by the specimens from the 

 extreme south of the distribution (Haifa, Syria, and var. algii-a). 



Not everywhere are the local variations quite constant, viz., 

 there occur in the Alpine region (Alpine valleys up to 600 m., 

 Jide Werner) rather strongly and largely spotted specimens, 

 whilst in the neighbourhood of Vienna, among an average of 

 strongly spotted specimens, there are also some, if only a few, 

 with small and yellow spots. Indications of red spots on the 

 parotoids, on the inner edge of the upper eyelids, as well as 

 between the angle of the mouth and the lower border of the eye, 

 are also to be found in isolated specimens from Lower Styria and 

 the Bavarian Alps. 



An absolute constancy with regard to the multiplicity of the 

 factors which influence the markings, many of which may, of 

 course, counteract one another in the same locality, cannot be 

 expected. 



A precise test of the geological, climatic, and meteorological 



23* 



