HELATIVK VIABILITY I\ MAMMALS AND HIRUS. 



)31 



Laeid.e (cont.). 



Larus cairns (Common Gull) , 



L. cirrhocephalus (Ashy-headed G 



L. domiuicanus (Dominican 



L. franklini (Franklin's 



L.f'uscus (Lesser Black-backed 



L. gelastes (Arabian 



L. glauctts (Glaucous 



L. ichthyaetus (Great Black-headed 



L. leitcojJterus (Iceland 



L. mmnnas (Greater Black-backed 



L. novm-hollandke (Jameson's 



L. ridihundus (Black-beaded 



Pagophila ehurnea (Ivory 



Rissa tridactyla (Kittiwake) 



ull 



No. of. 

 Indiv. 



27 



3 



5 



3 

 11 



1 



6 



14 



57 



5 



18 



Av. dur. 

 ill months. 



30-9 



47 

 101 

 10 

 32-8 

 10 

 58-5 

 6-5 

 93 

 74 

 60 

 40 

 20 

 10-5 



Max. dur. 

 iu months 



77 



94 



114 



16 



97 



10 



156 



7 



93 



187 



255 



257 



55 



55 



Summary of Gavioi. 



Mr. J. H. Gurney [loc. cit. p. 40) mentions Herring Gulls of 

 44 and 21 years, Lesser Black-backed Gulls of 30 and 32 years, 

 and a Great Skua of 24 years. The highest figures on my list ai-e 

 a Black-headed and a Jameson's Gull, each of over 21 years' 

 dui-ation — and a Yellow-legged Herring Gull of over 19 years' 

 duration. Within the divisions there is no apparent correlation 

 between size and either maximum or average durations. The 

 Skuas and Terns lived on an average under 2 years, most of the 

 Gulls more than 4 years. The Gulls were Ivcpt, during the period 

 covered, in out-door aviaries, or if they were pinioned, in open 

 paddocks. The alimentary tract of all the Gavire is relatively 

 long and of narrow calibre : the cteca and hind-gut are veiy short 

 and uncapacious except in the Skuas, when they are of moderate 

 length. The group, in proportion to its size, shows only moderate 

 longevity and viability. 



Oapt. Flower's only high record is that of a Lesser Black- backe*^? 

 Gull alive after 11 years' duration. 



TUBINARES. 



PUFFINID.E. ^0-.<*^' 



PuffiniLS, whole genus 6 



P. angloi'um (Manx Shearwater) 3 



P. kuhli (Cinereous Puffin) 2 



P. major (Greater- Shearwater) 1 



Fulmarus glacialis (Fulmar) 4 



I do not know of any published information as to the longevity 

 of the Tubinares, and the fate of the few examples on my list is- 

 only sufficient to show that they have very bad livesr in captivity. 



