20G MISS K. F. LANDEU ON THE 



A central strip, 10 mm. in breadth, is sharply differentiated 

 from the rest of tliis part by being entirely devoid of fungiform 

 papillae, and by the character of the filiform papillae. It gives 

 the impression of being bordered by an irregular row of fungiforms. 

 The filiform papillre only maintain their long pointed character 

 for a distance of about 20 mm. back from the transverse groove, 

 becoming progressively smaller and nioi'e scale-like for a further 

 35 mm. back. Behind this point they again increase in size, but 

 retain their scale-like form ; some are as large as 3 mm. in 

 diameter, and in form they are either circular or very slightly 

 pointed ; they are very hard and horny. At the lateral mai-gins 

 of the strip these pass rather abraptly into the long pointed form 

 typical of the rest of the central region of the posterior half of 

 the tongue. {Hf. Plate I.) 



The well-defined central strip of Budorcas is not described for 

 any other animn], but in Bangi/er and Capreolas the centre of 

 the back of the tongue is said to be destitute of fungiform papillpe. 

 In Gvibos onl}^ the anterior one-third of this central region is 

 devoid of fungiform papillae. This part of the tongue seems to 

 be more like that of Bos than is the tongue of the Musk ox. 



Papillae are present on the lateral aspect of the posterior part 

 of the tongue in its anterior half, i. e., as far back as the row of 

 circuravallate papillae. Papillae are stated to be present on the 

 lateral aspect of this part in the Musk-ox and some of the 

 Cervida'', but not in Connochcrtes, Ovis, or Capra. 



It is in some ca,ses very difficult to determine whether a given 

 papilla on the back of the tongue is of the fungiform or of the 

 circumvallate variety, as Lonnberg found in Madoqua scdtiana. 

 Counting the doubtful ones as circumvallate there are twenty- 

 three of these on the left side and twenty on the right, arranged 

 in four irregular rows. The fourth or outermost row appears 

 only at the anterior end of the group. About fourteen of these 

 are almost certainly circumvallate, and the number is thus 

 comparable with that found in j5os (10-17) and OvzJos (12-15), 

 but if the greater number be counted the Takin approaches the 

 Sheep (18-24), Gapra (16-17), or Connochcetes (20) in this respect. 

 The presence of four rows Ibrings Biidorcas into line with the 

 Sheep ; Ovibos, Connochcetes, Bos, a,nd Rangifer present only two 

 rows. The groiiping into rows is, however, very ill-defined in the 

 Takin, and the papillae are very variable in size. They form the 

 usual V-shape, the arms of the Y reaching forwards to a point 

 about half-way back along the posterior portion of the tongue. 



Along the side of the attached portion of the organ runs a low 

 fold of mucous membrane extending forwards to a distance of 

 80 mm. from the tip. It bears several long pointed denticulations, 

 which look upwards and backwards. 



The hyoid bone is well-developed. The body is square, 30 mm. 



in size, bearing a small ridge on its anterior sui-face. The distance 



between the facets for the ceratohyals is 30 mm. The thyrohyal 



is 70 mm. in length and runs horizontally outwards * to meet 



* Note : For tlie purposes of tins description the larynx is regarded as being 

 vertical iu its long axis, as when the head of the animal is held high, and as figm-ed. 



