OF ORTHOPTERA IN THE CAUCASUS AND AVKSTKRN ASIA. 451 



faunas, i. e. but 4 per cent, of the second and less than 2 pei- cent, 

 of the first of these. These eleven species are as follows : 

 Fischeria hceiica, Ameles ahjecta, Stcmronoius haiiensteini, (Edipoda 

 schochi, Nocarodes serricollis, CcdUmenus dilatatus, Paradrymadusa 

 sordida, Olynthocelis jnmctifrovs^ Isopliya tricmgidaris, Gryllus 

 {Gryllodes)ker]iennensis, and Gr. lateralis. Only two of them (both 

 species of Gryllus) may be considered as having originated in the 

 Eremian subregion, and they ai'e both to be found in the 

 Mediterranean isubregion (in Spain, in Transcaucasia) in prox- 

 imity to its southern boundaries and on spots with clearly defined 

 desert soil and vegetation ; we have the right to believe them to 

 be comparatively recent invadeis from the deserts of the Eremian 

 subregion. The remaining nine species are of Balkano-Anatolian 

 origin and do not penetrate deeply into the Eremian subregion, 

 being restricted to its northern mountainous parts with mixed 

 fauna. The relationship of the Mediterranean and of tlie 

 Eremian faunas is, consequently, practically absent. On the 

 contrary, the same table shows us that the difl'erence between 

 them is a very striking one ; 496 species (out of the whole 

 number 564) of Mediterranean Orthoptera do not reach the 

 Eremia,n subregion, and 206 Eremian species (out of 275) do not 

 go through the northern boundaiy of this subregion into the 

 Mediterranean, This difference is not numerical only ; the family 

 Orthoderidse is peculiar to the Eremian subregion"*, where 

 there are 35 species belonging to it ; the family Painphagidfe is 

 represented in the Mediteri-anea.n subregion by 52 species, of 

 which only five penetrate into the neighbouring parts of the 

 Eremian subregion ; the family Phaneropteridfe has more than 

 80 Mediterranean representatives, and only three of them are to 

 be found among the Eremian fauna ; two families of Locustodea — 

 Ephippigeriflfe (85 species) and Meconematidte (4 species) — and 

 three of Gryllodea. — Gryllomorphidse (7 species), Myrmecophilidje 

 (4 species), and Mogisoplistidse (6 sjiecies), which are very im- 

 portant in characterising the Mediterranean fauna., do not extend 

 into the Eremian subregion at all. The generic and sjoecific 

 differences between these two faunas are yet more considerable, 

 but I shall not go into details here, as I suppose the above 

 mentioned facts are sufficient to support my statement that the^ 

 Eremian subregion is of the same zoogeographical value as the 

 Mediterranean t. 



There are only two provinces of the large Eremian subregion 

 which are particularly interesting to us : the Iranian and the 



* With but one exception — Geomantis larvoides — which is Mediterranean 

 endemic. 



t I even suppose that, when studying the distribution of Orthoptera, we are right 

 in considering the Eremian subregion of the same vahie as the whole Palsearctic 

 region : this problem is, however, too great a one to be discussed here, and I hope 

 to return to it at some other time ; I am supported in mj' supposition bj' the state- 

 ments of Mr. A. Birula, who, after his studies of the distribution of scorpions, 

 made an Africano-Asiatic region nearly with the same limits as my Eremian 

 subregion (see A. A. Bialynicki-Birula, Arachnoidea j^rthrogastra Caucasica, Pars I. 

 Scorpiones. — Memoires du Musee du Caucase, s6r. A, N. 5, 1917). 



