452 ME. B. p. UVAROV ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION 



Turauian. The first of these has some peculiarities in its fauna 

 which ai^e of the greatest interest and value : there are among 

 the rather numerous endemics of the Iranian fauna some very 

 ancient forms {^Paradrymadusa hocqidlloni, F.persa, P. pastuchovi,. 

 D-opidauchen, Platycleis persica, Olynthoscelis saticnini, etc.), 

 which belong to the groups characteristic of the Balkano- 

 Anatolian province of the Mediterranean subregion. The presence 

 of these species in the Iranian fauna allows us to conclude that 

 this fauna was in some ancient time in close connection with the 

 Balkano-Anatolian fauna, but afterwards (from the beginning 

 of the di-y climatic period in Iranian table-lands) this connection 

 was interrupted, and the further development of the Balkano- 

 Anatolian and of the Iranian fauna went in different directions ; 

 the remnants of the "Ancient Mediterranean" fauna in Iran 

 partially died out, partially adapted themselves to the new 

 conditions of life (the " desert " coloration of JParadrymadusa 

 hocquilloni and P. persa, etc.) ; and the recent faunas of the 

 Iranian and the Balkano-Anatolian provinces, being of the same 

 origin, are entirely different and belong to the dilferent subregions.. 



The Iranian fauna occupies a rather large part of Transcaucasia, 

 reaching along the Avestern shore of the Caspian Sea as far as the 

 neighbourhood of Petrovsk, as we shall see later on. 



The Turanian province of theEremian subregion comprises 

 Transcaspia and the southern steppes of Kii-ghizes and Kalmyks 

 along the northern and north-western shores of the Caspian 

 Sea ; its Orthopteran fauna is a rather recent derivate of the 

 Iranian which has migrated in northern and north-western 

 directions, invading the parts of land from which the Caspian 

 Sea has recently withdrawn. West of the Caspian Sea (in the- 

 Ciscaucasia) the Turanian fauna spreads southwards, coming in 

 contact with direct Iranian migrants somewhere near Petrovsk. 



To the south of theEremian subregion lies the Indo-Ethiopiail 

 region, the fauna of which is of some importance for the com- 

 position of the fauna of the country we are sturlying now, where 

 we may find a rather large number of species of undoubtedly 

 Indo-Ethiopian origin, for example : genera Gelastorrliimis^ 

 Hierodula, Duronia, Pyrgomorpha, Sphodromeras, and species — 

 Tropidopolci cylindrica., Liogryllus bimaculatus , etc. All these 

 Indo-Ethiopian elements came into the country under consider- 

 ation throxigh the Eremian subregion, of which fauna the}'^ are 

 very characteristic. 



The Zoogeographiccd Dwisions of the Caucasus and. 

 neighhourimj countries. 

 Before continuing the study of zoogeograpliical districls into- 

 which the country in question may be divided, I ought to point out 

 that all my conclusions are based exclusively on the study of the 

 geographical distribution of Orthoptera, though I have also taken 

 into consideration the conclusions drawn by the late Iv. A. 

 Satunin from his study of Caucasian mammals ; by Nikolsky — 



