OF THE TONGUES OF THE MAMMALIA. 517 



Summary of the Tongues of the Cebidce. 



1. All tongues, except those of the Sakis, are conical, and some 

 are pigmented. 



2. The conical papillae are irregularly disposed on the oral part 

 of the dorsum in most of the .Cebidse, but they may be arranged 

 in chains on the base of the tongue. 



3. The fungiform papillae always form a doisal bounding zone. 

 They may be absent from the inferior surface. 



4. The vallate papillary patterns are — a single papilla, a pair, 

 a triangle, a V, or a double-paii-. 



5. The vallate triaugle is far from the ejjiglottis in many 

 species, and its median may be very long (the median is the line 

 drawn from the apex to the mid-point of the base). 



6. The orifices of the ducts of glands are fewer than in the 

 Cercopithecidse. They are most marked in Alouatta. 



7. The lateral organs are most frequently concave towards the 

 epiglottis. 



8. The f renal lamella is usually bifid at the apex. 



9. The lingual characters are not sufficiently distinctive to be 

 of value for the classification of species. 



Family Hapalid^e. 



Genus Hapale. 



The Common Marmoset (H. jacchus). 



The comparatively long, slender tongue has the following 

 measurements: — total length 2'1 cm.; length of the oral part 

 1-9 cm. ; length of the pharyngeal part -2 cm. ; width between 

 the lingual attachments of the palato-glossal folds '65 cm. 

 These figures were found to be the average in twelve specimens. 



The cqjex is flat and tubei'culated by fungiform papillae ; it is 

 devoid of a notch. Running back for 1 cm. is a median dorsal 

 sulcus from vi^hich transverse sulci pass to the sides of the tongue, 

 but these are the result of preservation and are not shown in 

 text-fig. 50. The lateral ho7-ders have the usual chai-acters. 



The Gircumvallate Papilla} (text-fig. 50 A). — Three vallate 

 papillae form an isosceles triangle with the apex behind, and the 

 two basal papillae are close to the edges of the tongue. The 

 Valiums are covered by conical papillae which obscure the fossae, 

 and the surfaces of the papillary bodies are finely granular. 

 This pattern was present in all twelve specimens. Tuckerman (9) 

 also described this as the type. 



The Fungiform Papilhe \text-fig. 50 A & B) form a dorsal 

 bounding zone on which they have the usual arrangement, in 

 clusters and rows, and they are surrounded by prominent 

 upstanding conical papillae. They are few in number, however, 

 on the dorsum, and are absent from the ventral bounding 

 papillary zone. 



