OF THE KOALA AND VULPINE PHALANGER. 555 



part 5 cm. ; length of the phaiyngeal part '5 cm. ; greatest 

 widtli 1*5 cm. The slightly spatnlate narrow tongue does not 

 narrow greatly fi'om base to apex. 



The PcqAllce. — A single prominent vallate papilla (text-fig. 58, 

 A) lies in the mid line ; it is circular on plan and conical on 

 elevation, with the base of the cone projecting beyond the 

 well-marked fossa ; the vallum is rough, granular, and not easily 

 distinguished from the rough surface of the tongue. Martin, 

 Owen, and Forbes each describe a specimen with one papilla. 



^\\Q fungiform 2}apillce -Ave i^n\aX\, and form a .dorsal bounding 

 zone on which they have the usual arrangement in clusters and 

 rows ; none are ovei'lapped by the conical painllce, which are 

 small, pointed, and irregular in distribution. On the ventral 

 papillary zone only conical papillae are found. 



Although there are no lateral organs similar to those of the 

 Primates, the posterior extremities of the corrugated lateral 

 borders have cii-cular nodules with well-marked central orifices 

 (text-fig. 58, I) ; some of these are single and isolated, but 

 others are in small chains. Poulton (16) has described similar 

 bodies in Halmaturus ualabalus, Macropus melanops, and Petro- 

 gale xanthojjs, but points out tliat their airangement varies ; 

 they may be irregulai- or arranged in curves. He draws attention 

 to their appearances being similar to those of gland-ducts, and 

 suggests that the lateral organs arise from glands ; " this view," 

 he states, " is confirmed by a study of minute structure." 



No Apical Gland of Nuhn is present, but the glandular mass, 

 as described and figured by Oppel (10), sends two long processes 

 forward almost as far as the apex of the tongue. He believes 

 that the Gland of Nuhn, which is present in the tongue of Man 

 and .the Orang-Outan, are pieces of tlie basal glandular mass 

 which have become separated. Perhaps they have become 

 separated off from a prolongation similar to those of the Koala 

 and other Marsupials. 



The inferior surface is wrinkled and fissured. In the mid line 

 in front there is a well-marked rough area, bounded laterally by 

 fihsures. Posterior and latei'al to the central area, are crenated, 

 transversely-fuD'Owed jylicce fi'inhriaice (text-fig. 58, B), which 

 increase in width from before backwards. 



Many Marsupialia have a sublingua which differs from that of 

 the Lemuroidea in being firmly fixed by its apex to the under 

 surface of the tongue. It varies in size in difierent species, but 

 that of the Koala is the smallest ; it has been reduced to the 

 condition of plicfe fimbi-iatse in the same way as the sublingua of 

 the Lemuroidea gives way to the plicae of the Simiid?e. A few 

 illustrations of the degrees of development in the Marsupialia 

 are shown in text-fig. 58, B-H. The sublingua also becomes 

 softer as well as reduced in size, as in the Primates. Thus there 

 is the complete horny sublingua as in Lemur, the softer and 

 smaller sublingua as in Tarsius, and the plicae fimbriates as in 

 Anthropopithecus, 



