THE ANATOMY OF THE TONGUES OF THE MAMMALIA. 741 



38, The Comparative Anatomy of the Tongues of the Mam- 

 malia. — V. Lemuroidea and Tarsioidea. By Charles 

 F. SoNNTAG, M.D., F.Z.S., Anatomist to the Society. 



[Received August 8, 1921 : Read November 8, 1921.J 



(Text-figures 66-69.) 



Contents. 



Page 

 Introduction 741 



The Sublingua 741 



The Lytta 742 



Family Lemuridse 742 



,, Indrisidie 746 



„ Lorisidffi 747 



„ Galagidas 750 



,, Chivomyidse 751 



„ Tarsiidie 753 



Summary and Conclusions 753 



Bibliography 754 



Introduction. 



The literature of the tongues of the Lemuroidea and Tarsioidea 

 is extensive, but it deals mainly with the organs of taste and the 

 characters and significance of the sublingua. A few tongues have 

 heen described in detail in monographs on certain animals *, 

 but little attention has been paid to some features which are of 

 value for purposes of classsification. The present paper is based 

 on the examination of specimens in the Society's Prosectorium 

 and the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, the latter 

 being described as Mus. R.C.S. 



In the Lemuroidea and Tarsioidea the foramen caecum and 

 apical gland of Nuhn are absent. Some have no lateral organs, 

 and the lytta appears for the first time in the Primates. The 

 frenal lameilce are sometimes very complex. 



The Suhlingua. 



The first description was contained in Tiedemann's paper on 

 Stenojjs (18), but John Hunter had observed it previously and 

 likened it to the tongue of a bird. It. is horny, devoid of taste 

 buds, and fixed to the mandible by a frenum. Small muscle 

 bundles derived from the hyoglossus and genioglossus run into it. 



It is Ija-ate (Lemuridse and Indrisidai) or tongue-shaped 

 (Lorisidfe and Galagidse), and has a variable number of apical 

 denticles which differ in character in different animals ; these are 

 absent in Tarsius and Chiromys, but the latter has a strong 

 projection on the centre of its anterior border. 



* See papers 2, 3, 6, 1, 13, 14, and 16 in Bibliography. 



