758 DK. C. F. SONXTAG ON THE COMPARATIVE ANATOMY 



lated by small conical and fungiform papillae. The relative 

 quantities of fungiform papillae on and immediately behind the 

 apex vary ; in the Simiid{ie and Cercopitheciclfe they are 

 numerous and thickly clustered, but in the other families they 

 are few and discrete. 



In some species of Lemtir the apex exhibits a number of sharp- 

 pointed processes prolonged forwards from ridges on the inferior 

 surface of the tongue, but these vary even in different examples 

 of each species. 



Sulci and Eiclges. — Few fresh tongues have median dorsal 

 sulci on the oral part of the dorsum, but many preserved 

 specimens do ; and I observed a well-marked median sulcus on 

 the pharyngeal part in Anthrojyopithecus troglodytes alone. The 

 most pronounced mesial dorsal sulcus which I observed occurred 

 in Mystax 'urstdus. Median dorsal ridges are present in some 

 Lemmoidea and Hapalidte. 



Wide, shallow transverse sulci separating Ioav wide transverse 

 ridges are present on the fresh tongues of Lemur caita and 

 Hapcde jacchus ; and fine narrow sulci are seen in Gorilla gorilla 

 and Perodictictis jJOtto. Some of the fine sulci and ridges remind 

 one of the patterns of fissures and ridges on the finger-tips. 



The median ventral sulcus is present in most tongues, and is 

 never an artefact induced by preserving fluids as is the doi'sal 

 one in bottled specimens. It is narrow and deep, or wide and 

 shallovv, and it frequently opens posterioi'ly into a triangular 

 fossa which recieves the upper end of the freuum. In some of 

 the Lemuroidea it receives the median doi-sal crest of the 

 sublingua, and it recesses the crest on the dorsal surface of the 

 fi'enal lamella of Cehusfatuelhts. 



In Gorilla, gorilla, some species of Hylohates and some of the 

 Lemuroidea it contains a fixed crest ; and it has been stated that 

 the crest is a remnant of the sublingua, but the presence of both 

 these structures in some Lemurs would seem to disprove that 

 theory. . 



Lateral Borders. — The edges of the tongue are sharp, or full 

 and rounded, and increase in thickness from before backwards in 

 most species. Those of Chiromys madagascariensis are more 

 massive in propoi'tion to the size of the tongue than those of any 

 other species of the Primates. Of the Pithecoids Simia satyrus 

 and AnthropopHhecus have the most massive lateral borders. 



In Tarsius spectrum, Microcebus, Chiromys, and all Lorisidfe 

 and Galagidse the lateral borders are devoid of lateral organs 

 and, as I hope to show in a future paper, this has 9.n important 

 beaiing on phylogeny. In Gorilla gorilla and /Simia satyrus 

 only small parts of the lateral organs are found on the lateral 

 boi'ders, but in all other Primates the greater part is found 

 there. 



The conical and fungiform papillfe on the lateral borders are 

 arranged in vertical rows and the points of the former are 

 directed backwai'ds. 



