OF THE TONGUES OF THE MAMMALIA. 759 



Distrihntion of the Pajnllce. — In nil Primates except some 

 specimens of Siinia satyrus and Symphatangus syiidactylus, some 

 Lemuroidea and Homo, papillfe cover the entire dorsum, apex, 

 lateral borders, and a bounding zone of the inferior surface. In 

 all these species there are smooth non-pa.pillai\y areas on the base 

 of the tongue, and in the Lemurs the area is bisected by the 

 median glosso-epiglottic fold. 



The ventral 'papillary zone varies greatly in width, and its 

 characters are of limited value for purposes of classification. It 

 is wide in the Simiidae, Oercopithecidse, and in Gehus, Ateles, and 

 Lagothrix, but is narrow or absent in all other Pi-i mates. In 

 species with a wide zone the conical and fungiform papillae are 

 numerous, but in those with a narrow zone there are few or no 

 fungiforms. In Gorilla gorilla many of the fine transverse sulci 

 on the dorsum cut the lateral borders and run inwards on the 

 ventral papillary zone. 



The Circuinvallate Pa,pillce. — In my pajjer on the tongues of 

 the Cercopithecidte I showed that all the papillary patterns 

 present in the family will be seen in most species if snfiicient 

 examples of each are examined. The whole series may quickly 

 appear or it may be necessary to examine many. I a.m not 

 prepared, however, to apply this i-ule to any other family except 

 the Hapalidse, as insuflicient specimens have come to hand. 



In the following list of papillary patterns, P means two 



. papillfe forming a pair, and D.P. indicates four papillae arranged 



in a double pair. The Y type means that there are several 



papillfe present and does not include forms in which the four 



pa|3ill8e of a double pair are arranged in a Y. 



Family. Patterns of vallate papillce. 



Simiidfe Y. T. V. A- 



Oercopithecida? T. V. A- D.P. 



Cebida? V. A. P. D.P. 



Hapalidoe A- 



Lemurida? Y. A- D.P. 



Lorisida? A- 



Galagida? A- P- 



Oliiromyidaj ^. P. 



Tarsiidie Three papillae arranged in a line. 



One can see, therefore, that the Simiidfe and Lemuridae ai-e 

 the only families whose tongues possess more than four papillae 

 arranged in a Y, and it will be shown later that they differ from 

 all other Primates in other respects. 



The papillae are round or oval on plan and conical on elevation, 

 with the bases of the cones projecting beyond the Valiums. 



The Fungiform Papilla} stretch right across the dorsum, or are 

 absent from the centre thereby forming a dorsal bounding zone. 

 They form a cluster behind the apex, but are arranged in rows 



Proc. Zool. Soc— 1921, No. LI. 51 



