OF THE TONGUES OF THE MAMMALIA. 761 



that, but in tlie Cebidas they are dotted irregularly all over the 

 dorsum. 



The tongues with smooth non-papillarjr areas on the pharyngeal 

 pai"t of the dorsum have been enumerated above. 



In most Primates the points on the oral part of the dorsum 

 look backwards or backwards and iuAvards, but in some specimens 

 of Simia satynos and Cercojnthecus cetlilops those on the centre of 

 the oral part rini in all directions. 



In the Oebida?, HapalidiE, Lemuroidea, and Tarsioidea the 

 conical papill?e are mostly pointed, and cylindrical and globular 

 forms are uncommon. In the other families there is a good 

 admixture of all types. 



The Lateral Organs present numerous forms and are of value 

 for purposes of classification : — 



1. Organs absent: — Illcrocebus, Chiromys, Tarsius, the Lori- 

 sidfe and Galagid?e. 



2. The lamina) and sulci form ladder-like patterns on the 

 dorsum of the tongue, and only their outer ends cut the lateral 

 borders of the tongue : — Gorilla gor'dla and Simia satyrus. 



3. The organs are convex towards the lateral vallate papillte: — 

 Authropopithecus troglodytes, Hylohates (all species), Lemur (all 

 species). 



4. There are rows of short laminas and sulci on the lateral 

 borders of the tongue : — Cerco^ijithecidee. 



5. The inner borders of the organs are concave towards the 

 lateral vallate papillpe : — Cebida^. 



6. A few faint irregular laminfe and sulci are present on the 

 lateral borders of the tongue : — Hapalidae. 



In very few -specimens did I find an equal number of lamina 

 and sulci in the two organs of the sa.me tongue. But one must 

 be careful not to mistake simple folds of the mucosa at either 

 end of the organs for lamina?. Histological examination is the 

 only true test in doubtful cases, for it reveals the presence of 

 taste-buds in the true larainse. 



In a few species of Cercopitliecus one may find fungiform 

 })apill8e situated on the laminte of the lateral organs. 



The degree of protrusion of the laminse and depth of the sulci 

 vary not only in difterent animals but in several examples of 

 each. 



The lAngual Glands are divided into apical and basal parts, but 

 the former is most variable. 



The Apical Gland, of Nthhn is present only in Homo and Simia 

 satyrus. Oppel believes that it is a piece which has become cut 

 off from a forward prolongation of the basal glandular mass. 

 The basal mass in the Marsupialia sends forwards two prolonga- 

 tions of variable stoutness, and it is possible that the Apical 

 Gland of Nnhn has been cut off from one of these. If that were 

 so it would support Gegenbaiu-'s view that the tongues of the 

 Prima,tes have evolved from those of the Marsupialia. 



The sei'ous and mucous glands on the phaiyngeal part of the 



51* 



