10 



SCIENCE. 



fN. S. Vol. XV. No. 366. 



share we have obtained in the great expan- 

 sion of trade resulting from all these new 

 discoveries, of which many have originated 

 in this country. The development of the 

 industry in Germany is well illustrated by 

 the following figures: 



Exports from Oermdny to the World. 



1SS5. 1895. 1899. 

 Tons, Tons. Tons. 



Anilin oil and salt 1,713 7,135 



Coal-tar colors (excl. of ali- 

 zarin) 4,646 15,789 17,639 



Alizarin colors 4,284 8,927 



The value of the exports of coal-tar colors 

 from Germany in 1894 was 2,600,000 

 pounds sterling, in 1898 3,500,000 pounds, 

 an increase of nearly a million in four 

 years. The total annual value of the indus- 

 try of Germany is hardly less than ten mil- 

 lions of pounds sterling. With the increase 

 in the production of synthetic indigo it 

 may be taken to-day to considerably exceed 

 this figure. 



One may well wonder what becomes of 

 this enormous quantity of coal-tar products. 

 According to the United States Consular 

 reports the three and a half million 

 pounds 'worth of coal-tar colors exported by 

 Germany in 1898 were consumed as follows : 

 The United States took. . . 750,000 pounds' worth. 

 The Unted Kingdom took, 750,000 " 

 Austria and Hungary took 350,000 " " 



Italy took 225,000 " " 



China took 270,000 " " 



whilst the rest of the world took the re- 

 mainder. 



The great increase in production in Ger- 

 many is further shown by the growth in the 

 capital and number of work-people em- 

 ployed. Thus, according to a report of the 

 Badische Works recently issued, the capi- 

 tal of this company, which was increased 

 in 1889 from 900,000 pounds to 1,050,000, 

 will be further augmented this year by the 

 issue of 750,000 pounds' worth of bonds. 

 The number of work-people employed by 

 this company in 1900 was 6,485, as against 



4,800 in 1896, an increase of over thirty- 

 three per cent, in four years. The firm of 

 Leopold Cassella & Co., of Mainkur, near 

 Frankfort, have increased the number of 

 their work-people from 545 in 1890, to 

 1,800 in 1900. 



In England we find that the imports of 

 coal-tar colors are steadily rising, having 

 increased from 509,750 pounds sterling in 

 1886 to 720,000 pounds in 1900. Contrasted 

 with this, the exports of coal-tar colors 

 manufactured in England have fallen from 

 530,000 in 1890 to 366,500 pounds sterling 

 in 1899. It is therefore apparent that we 

 have had little share in the great increase 

 which this industry has experienced during 

 the past fifteen years, and we have not been 

 able even to supply the expansion in our 

 own requirements. This is well shown by 

 the following statistics of the two Associa- 

 tions who together form a very large pro- 

 portion of the entire dyeing trade. 



Coloring-matters Used by the Bradford Dyers' 

 Association. 



English , , . , 10 per cent. Swiss 6 per cent. 



German .... 80 per cent. French 4 per cent. 



Coloring-matters Used by British Cotton and 

 Wool Dyers' Association. 



Anilin colors \ ^"^'^^^^ .... 22 per cent. 



I Foreign .... 78 per cent. 



Alizarin colors j ^""S^'^^ ' ' ^'^^ P" <=«"*• 



( Foreign . 98.35 per cent. 



Out of a total of sixty tons of coloring- 

 matters and other dyeing materials derived 

 from coal-tar, used by the English Sewing 

 Cotton Company, only 9 per cent, were of 

 English manufacture. 



The following table gives a fair picture 

 of the present dimensions of the industry 

 in Germany. 



Compared with such figures as these, the 

 English color manufacture assumes insig- 

 nificant proportions. The total capital in- 

 vested in the color industry in this country 

 does not exceed 500,000 pounds, and the 



