Febeuaey 14, 1902.] 



SCIENCE. 



247 



of the Civil War— perhaps partly by reason 

 of it) they were doubled again ; that from 

 1875 to 1890 they were once more doubled ; 

 and that during the last decade of the old 

 century the doubling was again repeated, so 

 that the nineteenth century went out with 

 at least sixteen times the university facili- 

 ties (including endowments, etc.) of her 

 incoming. Nor is this the end ; for present 

 indications are that our university wealth 

 will double again within the first five years 

 of the new century. Even this is not all; 

 for the fin de sieele university is scientific 

 — an institution for research into the un- 

 known as well as for the preservation of 

 the known — in far larger degree than was 

 the university of 1800. So the university 

 mete shows that American science is ad- 

 vancing in a geometric ratio, an increasing 

 rate in which the rate of increase is stiU. 

 increasing with increasing rapidity. Any 

 other measure gives similar results : Reck- 

 oning what may be called state science in 

 terms of appropriations for its mainten- 

 ance, the growth, from Olmsted's Geo- 

 logical Survey of North Carolina, beginning 

 in 1823 at $250 per year, to our present two- 

 score of state surveys and related institu- 

 tions, has been even more vigorous than 

 that of our universities; while our direct 

 federal appropriations for scientific work, 

 beginning with a few hundreds in 1811, 

 passing the million mark about 1870, and 

 now rising above ten millions annually, 

 give eloquent testimony of national ad- 

 vance in knowledge-making at an ever-in- 

 creasing rate. A still more striking meas- 

 ure is afforded by the growth of our scien- 

 tific societies— or will be when the statistics 

 are tabulated. Yet all these measures, im- 

 pressive though they be, are little more 

 than symptoms attending the permeation of 

 a healthful serum throughout the body of 

 American citizens; for our average citizen, 

 whose ancestors in 1800 planted potatoes in 

 the dark of the moon and sniffed witch- 



craft and black art afar, is now a devotee 

 of the methods of science as well as of 

 rational interpretations of nature, and 

 looks to the Agricultural Department or 

 the Smithsonian Institution or the neigh- 

 boring university for standards of practi- 

 cal thought — even if he half complies 

 against his will, and is half of old opinion 

 still. It is a hopeful sign of the times that 

 American science, measured by any stand- 

 ards, is advancing more rapidly than our 

 fast-groAving population or quick-increas-- 

 ing national wealth— that it is indeed drift- 

 ing into its true place in the lead of our 

 industrial development. Such is the Ad- 

 vancement of American science. 



Turning now to Coordination: The ad- 

 vance of science is largely— indeed wholly,, 

 in the last analysis— dependent on social 

 development; and the law of social de- 

 velopment is integration. The ways along 

 which integration proceeds are many: The 

 growth of the family into the clan and of 

 the clan into the tribe, and the union of 

 tribes into confederacies, with the ultimate 

 welding of these into nations, all represent 

 a process of integration peculiarly instruct- 

 ive to students of institutions, seientifie 

 and other; the steady breaking down of 

 racial barriers, the world-wide blending of 

 blood and culture, the merging of laws and 

 languages, and the diffusion of cults 

 (whether of faith or of works) according to 

 their fittingness for the several stages of 

 intellectual development, all represent 

 ways of social integration — ways whose 

 name is legion, and whose ramifications and 

 osculations it were needless now to follow. 

 Yet he who would fairly view the growth 

 and relations of our voluntary associations 

 for scientific research can not afford to 

 neglect the analogy of primitive society in 

 its growth from clan to tribe, and thence 

 on and upward along the noble course of 

 intellectual strengthening and human bet- 

 terment. Now the germ of the clan is a 



