May 2, 1902.] 



SCIENCE. 



697 



the acquisition of use values, and the 

 means employed in the process consist of 

 artificial implements that can be worked 

 with the hand. Second, the proprie- 

 tary economy, where the motive is to add 

 to one's possessions or acquire proprietary 

 values, and the means employed in the pro- 

 cess consist of agricultural capital, e. g., 

 domesticated herds and cidtivated fields. 

 Third, the commercial economy, where the 

 motive is the acquisition of exchange val- 

 ues, and the means employed in the process 

 consist of industrial capital, e. g., build- 

 ings, shops, ships, machines, etc. 



For each of these three types of econ- 

 omies there is a corresponding organization 

 of industry. The organization adapted to 

 the acquisitive economy is cooperative ; that 

 adapted to the proprietary economy is 

 coercive; and that adapted to the commer- 

 cial economy is competitive. 



Having established the three funda- 

 mental types of economies, the classifica- 

 tion may be carried further by taking the 

 several processes of production and the 

 several systems of distribution and ex- 

 change into account. 



Dr. Simon Flexner, of Philadelphia, 

 reported upon some 'Experiments in 

 C'ytolysis.' There has been great activity, 

 he said, in the study of the conditions un- 

 der which tissue and blood cells undergo 

 solution. For the blood cells it has been 

 demonstrated that various agents— chem- 

 ical, physical and biological— bring about 

 solution— the so-called hemolysis. The 

 first two agencies act by disturbing 

 osmosis within the cells ; biological solution 

 — that produced by foreign blood sera— is 

 produced through a femientative action 

 (Ehrlich) in which two sets of substances 

 are required. The substances are de- 

 nominated intermediary body (receptor) 

 and complement, and are normally present 

 in active sera. Should the intermediary 

 body (receptor) be absent, it can be pro- 



duced by the treatment of animals with 

 blood cells in a manner analogous to the 

 immunization to bacteria. Similar inter- 

 mediary bodies capable of uniting with ap- 

 propriate complements can be produced 

 for most or all body cells. In that they 

 are destructive for the specific cells 

 through which they have been produced, 

 they are termed ' cytotoxins. ' The most 

 active are the heterocytotoxins, produced 

 in alien animals; but less active isocyto- 

 toxins are known and in a few instances 

 autocytotoxins for blood cells have been 

 produced. Hitherto the study of the his- 

 tological changes produced by cytotoxins 

 has been little pursued. The author has 

 prepared cytotoxins for lymphatic gland 

 cells and injected the product into animals 

 of the class from which they were prepared, 

 with the result of causing definite his- 

 tological changes in the corresponding tis- 

 sue. The changes consist of necrosis and 

 multiplication of the cells of the germinal 

 centers, giving rise to appearances indis- 

 tinguishable from those produced by well- 

 knowm bacterial toxins, such as the toxins 

 of the diphtheria bacillus and streptococcus, 

 and the toxins ricin and abrin derived from 

 the higher plants. 



Professor A. C. Abbott, of Pliiladel- 

 phia, presented a paper prepared by him- 

 self and Dr. D. H. Bergey, on 'The In- 

 fluence of Alcoholic Intoxication upon Cer- 

 tain Factors concerned in the Phenomena 

 of Hajmolysis and Bacteriolysis.' The au- 

 thors' experiments indicate that the in- 

 creased susceptibility to infection seen in 

 alcoholized rabbits is, in part at least, ex- 

 plainable through a reduction in the 

 amount of 'protective proteids,' normally 

 present in the blood. They found the 

 power of restoring to a heated immune 

 serum its hjemolytic property to be from 

 fifteen to twenty-five per cent, less in the 

 serum from alcholized than in that from 

 normal rabbits. This they interpret as a 



