244 



SCIENCE. 



[N. S. Vol. XVI. No. 398. 



years, and which, with certain modification, 

 niust form the permanent substructure of 

 the nomenclature in systematic zoology. 



The genera of Artedi are in almost all 

 cases natural groups, although essentially 

 equivalent to the families of to-day, a divi- 

 sion which in ichthyology was first clearly 

 recognized by Cuvier. 



The following is a list of Artedi 's genera 

 and their arrangement: 



ORDER MALACOPTERTGII. 



Syngnathus (pipe-fishes) (4 species). 

 Cobitis (loaches) (3). 

 Cyprinus (carp and dace) (19). 

 Clupea (herrings) (4). 

 Argentina (argen tines) (1). 

 Exoco&tus (flying-fishes) (2). 

 Coregonus (white fishes) (4). 

 Osmerus (smelts) (2). 

 Salmo (salmon and trout) (10). 

 Esox (pike) (3). 

 Echeneis (remoras) (1). 

 Coryphcena (dolphins) (3). 

 Ammodytes (sand launces) (1). 

 Pleuronectes (flounders) (10). 

 Stromateus (butter-fishes) (1). 

 Gadus (cod-fishes) (11). 

 Anarhichas ( wolf -fishes ) ( 1 ) . 

 3Iurcena (eels) (6). 

 OpMdion (cusk-eels) (2). 

 Anahleps (four-eyed fish) (1). 

 Gymnotus (carapos) (1). 

 Silurus (cat-fishes) (1). 



ORDER ACANTHOPTERYGn. 



Bletmius (blennies) (5). 

 Gohius (gobies) (4). 

 Xiphias (sword-fishes) (1). 

 Scomber (mackerels) (5). 

 Mugil (mullets) (1). 

 Labrus (wrasses) (9). 

 Sparus (porgies) (15). 

 Scicena (croakers) (2). 

 Perca (perch and bass) (7). 

 Trachinus (weavers) (2). 



Trigla (gurnards) (10). 

 Scorpcsna (scorpion-fishes) (2). 

 Cottus (sculpins) (5). 

 Zeus (John dories, etc.) (3). 

 Chcetodon (butterfly-fishes) (4). 

 Gasterosteus (stickle-backs) (3). 

 Lepturus (cutlass-fishes) {=Tnchiurus) 

 (1). 



ORDER BRANCHIOSTEGI. 



Balistes (trigger-fishes) (6). 

 Ostracion (trunk-fishes) (22). 

 Cyclopterus (lump-fishes) (1). 

 Lophiiis (anglers) (1). 



ORDER CHONDROPTERYGII. 



Petromyzon (lampreys) (3). 



Acipenser (sturgeons) (2). 



Squalus (sharks) (14). 



Baja (rays) (11). 



In all 47 genera and 230 species of fishes 

 were known from the whole world in 1738. 



The cetaceans, or whales, constitute a 

 fifth order, Plagiuri, in Artedi 's scheme. 



As examples of the nomenclature of spe- 

 cies I may quote : 



' Zeus ventre aculeato, Cauda in extremo 

 circinata.' This polynomial expression 

 was shortened by Linnaeus to Zeus faber. 

 The species was called by Rondelet ' Faber 

 sive Gallus Marinus ' and by other authors 

 'Piscis jovii.' 'Jovii' suggested Zeus, 

 and Rondelet 's name, faber, was the specific 

 name chosen by Linnaeus. 



'Anarhichas Lupus marinus nostras.' 

 This became with Linnaeus 'Anarhichas 

 lupus.' 



' Clupea, maxilla inferiore longiose, 

 maculis nigris earcus: Harengus vel Chal- 

 cis Auctorum, Herring vel Hering Anglis, 

 Germanis, Belgis.' This became Clupea 

 harengus in the convenient binomial sys- 

 tem of Linnaeus. 



The great naturalist of the eighteenth 

 century, Carl von Linne, known academ- 

 ically as Carolus Linnasus, was the early 



