August 15, 1902.] 



SCIENCE. 



253 



will long be the standard account of the 

 relatively scant fish fauna of the British Is- 

 lands. H. G. Seelye has also a useful 

 ' Synopsis of the Fresh-water Fishes of 

 Europe. ' 



We may here notice without praise the 

 extensive work of William Swainson 

 (1839). W. Thompson has written of the 

 fishes of Ireland, and Rev. Richard T. Lowe 

 and J. Y. Johnson have done most excellent 

 work on the fishes of Madeira. F. McCoy, 

 better known for work on fossil fishes, may 

 be mentioned here. 



The fish fauna of Scandinavia has been 

 described more or less fully by Kroyer 

 (1840), Nilsson (1855), Fries and Ekstrom 

 (1836), Collett, Lilljeborg and F. A. Smitt, 

 besides special papers by other writers, no- 

 tably Reinhardt, L. Esmarck, Japhetus 

 Steenstrup, Liitken and A. W. Malm. Rein- 

 hardt, Kroyer, Liitken and A. J. Malmgren 

 have written of the Arctic fishes of Green- 

 land and Spitzbergen. 



In Russia, Nordmann has described the 

 fishes of the Black Sea ('Ichthyologie Pon- 

 tique,' Paris, 1840) and Eichwald those of 

 the Caspian. More recently, S. Herzen- 

 stein, Warpachowsky, K. Kessler, B. N. 

 Dybowsky, Kamensky and others have writ- 

 ten of the rich fauna of Siberia, the Caucas- 

 us and the scarcely known Sea of Okliotsk. 

 Stephan Basilevsky has written rather un- 

 skillfully of the fishes of northern China. 

 A. Kowalevsky has contributed very much 

 to our knowledge of anatomy. 



In Germany and Austria the chief local 

 Vorks have been those of Heckel and Kner 

 on the fresh- water fishes of Austria (1858), 

 and those of C. Th. von Siebold on the 

 fresh-water fishes of Central Europe 

 (1863). German ichthyologists have usual- 

 ly extended their view to foreign regions 

 where their characteristic thoroughness and 

 accuracy has made their work illuminating. 

 The two memoirs of Edouard Riippell on 

 the fishes of the Red Sea and the neigh- 



boring parts of Africa, 'Atlas zu der Reise 

 im Nordlichen Afrika,' 1828, and 'Neue 

 Wirbelthiere, ' 1837, rank with the very best 

 of descriptive work. Giinther's finely il- 

 lustrated 'Fische der Siidsee,' published in 

 Hamburg, may be regarded as German 

 work. Other papers are those of Dr. Wil- 

 helm Peters on Asiatic fishes, the most im- 

 portant being on the fishes of Mozambique. 

 J. J. Heckel, Rudolph Kner and Franz 

 Steindachner, successively curators of the 

 Museum of Vienna, have written largely on 

 fishes. The papers of Steindachner cover 

 almost every part of the earth and are ab- 

 solutely essential to any serious system- 

 atic study of fishes. No naturalist of 

 any land has surpassed Steindachner in 

 industry or accuracy and his work has the 

 advantage of the best illustrations of fishes 

 made by any artist, the noted Edouard Kon- 

 opicky. Other German writers are J. J. 

 Kaup, who has worked in numerous fields, 

 but as a whole with little skill, Dr. S. B. 

 Klunzinger, who has given excellent ac- 

 counts of the fishes of the Red Sea, and Dr. 

 Franz Hilgendorf, of the University of Ber- 

 lin, whose papers on the fishes of Japan 

 and other regions have shown a high grade 

 of taxonomie insight. Other writers of 

 earlier date are Johann Marcusen, who 

 studied the Mormyri, W. von Repp, who 

 wrote on the fishes of the Lake of Constance, 

 and J. F. Brandt. 



In Italy, Charles Lucien Bonaparte, 

 Prince of Canino, has published an elabo- 

 rate 'Fauna Italiea' (1838), and in numer- 

 ous minor papers has taken a large part 

 in the development of ichthyology. Many 

 of the accepted names of the large groups 

 (as Elasmobranehii, Heterosomata, etc.) 

 were first suggested by Bonaparte. The 

 work of Rafinesque has been already no- 

 ticed. 0. G. Costa published (about 1850) 

 a 'Fauna of Naples.' In recent times G. 

 Canestrini, Decio Vinciguerra, Enrico Hill- 

 yer Giglioli, Luigi Doderlein and others 



