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SCIENCE. 



[N. S. Vol,. XVI. No. 398. 



have added largely to our knowledge 

 of Italian fishes, while Carlo F. Emery, F. 

 de Filippi, Luigi Facciola and others have 

 studied the larval growth of different spe- 

 cies. Camillo Ranzaui, 6. G. Bionconi, G. 

 D. Nardo and others have contributed to 

 different fields of ichthyology. 



Nicolas Apostolides and, still later, Hor- 

 ace A. Hoffman and the present writer 

 have written on the fishes of Greece. 



In France, the fresh-water fishes are the 

 subject of an important woi-k by Emile 

 Blanchard (1866), and Emile Moreau has 

 given us a convenient fauna of France. 

 Leon Vaillant has written on various 

 groups of fishes, his monograph of the 

 American darters (Btheostominae) being a 

 masterpiece so far as the results of the 

 study of relatively scanty material would 

 permit. The 'Mission Scientifique au Mex- 

 ique,' by Vaillant and F. Bocoui't, is one 

 of the most valuable contributions to our 

 knowledge of the fishes of that region. Dr. 

 H. E. Sauvage, of Boulogne-sur-Mer, has 

 also written largely on the fishes of Asia, 

 Africa and other regions. 



Important among these are the 'Poissons 

 de Madagascar,' and a monograph of the 

 sticklebacks. Alexander Thominot and 

 Jacques Pellegrin have also written, in 

 the Museum of the Jardin des Plantes, on 

 different groups of fishes. Earlier writers 

 were Alphonse Guichenot, L. Brissot de 

 Barneville, H. Hollard, an able anatomist, 

 and Bibron. 



In Spain and Portugal, the chief work 

 of local authors is that of J. V. B. Socage 

 and F. de Brito Capello on the fish of 

 Portugal. So far as Spain is concerned, 

 the chief memoir is Steindachner's account 

 of his travels in Spain and Portugal. The 

 principal studies of the Balkan region have 

 also been made by Steindachner. 



In Holland, the chief great works have 

 been those of Schlegel and Pieter van 

 Bleeker. Professor Schlegel, of the Uni- 



versity of Leyden, described the fishes col- 

 lected about Nagasaki by Ph. Fr. de Sie- 

 bold and Biirger. His work forms a large 

 folio illustrated by colored plates, the ' Fau- 

 na Japonica Poissons, ' published in Leyden 

 from 1844 to 1850. Schlegel's work in 

 every field is characterized by scrupulous 

 care and healthful conservatism, and the 

 ' Fauna Japonica ' is a most useful monu- 

 ment to his rare power's of discrimination. 



Pieter von Bleeker (1819-1878), a sur- 

 geon in the Dutch West Indies, is the most 

 voluminous writer in ichthyology. He be- 

 gan his work in Java without previous 

 training and in a very rich field where al- 

 most everything was new. With many 

 mistakes at first he rose to the front by 

 sheer force of industry and patience, and 

 his later work, while showing much of the 

 ' personal equation, ' is still thoroughly ad- 

 mirable. At his death he was engaged in 

 the publication of a magnificent folio work, 

 'Atlas Ichthyologique des Indes Orientales 

 Neerlandaises, ' illustrated by colored 

 plates. This work remains about two 

 thirds completed. The writings of Dr. 

 Bleeker constitute the chief soiirce of our 

 knowledge of the fauna of the East Indies. 



Dr. Van Lidth de Jeude, of the Univer- 

 sity of Leyden, is the author of a few de- 

 scriptive papers on fishes. 



To Belgium we may assign part at least 

 of the work of the eminent Belgian natu- 

 ralist, George Albert Boulenger, now long 

 connected with the British Museum. His 

 various valuable papers on the fishes of the 

 Congo are published under the auspices of # 

 the 'Congo Free State,' itself largely a 

 creation of the government of Belgium. 

 To Belgium also we may ascribe the work 

 of Louis Dollo on the morphology of fishes, 

 and on the deep-sea fishes obtained bj^ the 

 'Expedition Antaretique Beige.' 



The fish fauna of Cuba has been the life- 

 long study of Dr. Felipe Poey y Aloy (1799 

 -1891), a pupil of Cuvier, for a half cen- 



