258 



SCIENCE. 



[N. S. Vol. XVI. No. 398. 



and R. H. Traquair. An indispensable 

 'Handbuch der Palaeontologie ' is that of 

 Karl A. Zittel (1890), in which the knowl- 

 edge of fossil fish is brought up to a recent 

 date. The most valuable general work is 

 the ' Catalogue of the Fossil Fishes in the 

 British Museum,' in four volumes, by Dr. 

 Arthur Smith Woodward, a most worthy 

 companion of Giinther's ' Catalogue ' of 

 the living fishes, and still more modern in 

 the taxonomy and views of relationships. 

 Important contributions are those of Hux- 

 ley, F. McCoy, van den Marck, de Kon- 

 inek, Davis, Nicholson, Charlesworth, Sir 

 Philip Egerton, Rictet, Kner, von Meyer, 

 Hasse, Thiolliere, Jaekel, Rohon, Sauvage, 

 Stolicza, Lawley, Molin, Gibbes, Probst, 

 Karpinsky, Kipryanoff and many others. 



In America, Dr. John Strong Newberry 

 has studied the fossil fishes of Ohio. Pro- 

 fessor Edward W. Claypole has worked 

 largely in the same region. Edward 

 Drinker Cope and Dr. Joseph Leidy have 

 added to our knowledge of the Eocene and 

 Cretaceous fishes of the Rocky Mountains. 

 Niunerous recent papers of great value have 

 been published by Dr. Bashford Dean, of 

 Cohunbia University, and Dr. Charles R. 

 Eastman, of Harvard. Other important 

 records are due to Orestes St. John, A. H. 

 Worthen, Charles D. Walcott and the Red- 

 fields, father and son. 



Still more difScult of enumeration is the 

 long list of those who have studied the 

 anatomy of fishes, usually in connection 

 with the comparative anatomy or develop- 

 ment of other animals. Preeminent among 

 these are Karl Ernst von Baer, , Cuvier, 

 GoiJrey St. Hilaire, Louis Agassiz, Johan- 

 nes Miiller, Carl Vogt, Carl Gegenbaur, 

 Meckel, William Kitchen Parker, Francis 

 M. Balfour, Thomas Henry Huxley, H. 

 Rathke, Richard Owen, Kowalevsky, H. 

 Stannius, Joseph Hyrtl, Gill, Boulenger 

 and Bashford Dean. Other names of high 

 authority are those of Wilhelm His, K61- 



liker, Bakker, Rosenthal, Gottsche, Mik- 

 lucho, Macleay, Weber, Hasse, Retzius, 

 Owsjannikow, H. Miiller, Stieda, Marcusen 

 and Ryder. 



Besides all this, there has risen, especial- 

 ly in the United States, Great Britain, 

 Norway, Canada and Australia, a vast lit- 

 erature of commercial fisheries, fish culture 

 and angling, the chief workers in which 

 fields we may not here enumerate even by 

 name. 



JOINT MEETINGS OF THE OEOLOQIGAL 

 SOCIETY OF AMERICA, SECTION E, 

 AND THE NATIONAL GEO- 

 GRAPHIC SOCIETY.* 



The Geology of the Pittsburgh District: 1. 



C. White. 



The Appalachian coal field begins near 

 the northern line of Pennsylvania, and ex- 

 tends in a canoe-shaped trough 900 miles, 

 southwestward, ending in western Ala- 

 bama. Pittsburgh is situated near the cen- 

 ter of the northern end of this great basin,, 

 and has, therefore, easy access to all of the 

 coal formations. 



To one of these beds, the great Pitts- 

 burgh seam, which overlooks the city from 

 an elevation of 350 feet, and extends up 

 the Monongahela for 200 miles, the indus- 

 trial supremacy of the region is largely 

 due. 



Several years ago the gifted Blaine pre- 

 dicted that the Pittsburgh district would 

 in time become the manufacturing center 

 of the world because of its command of 

 cheap fuel. This prophecy has become a 

 reality within less than a decade of its ut- 

 terance. 



The Monongahela formation, of which 

 the Pittsburgh coal is the basal member, 

 caps all the hills around the city and 

 stretches away to the south up the river 

 which gave the beds a name, to be in turn 

 covered up by the Dunkard formation at 



* Pittsburgh, Pa., July 1 to 3, 1902. 



