September 5, 1902.] 



SCIENCE. 



375 



received at cheese factories, (7) the butter 

 made on farms and sold therefrom, (8) the 

 milk and cream received at creameries, (9) 

 the butter and cheese made on farms and 

 there consumed, (10) the total milk pro- 

 duced on farms, (11) the milk and cream 

 sold from farms. The first three or four of 

 these items are considered approximately 

 accurate ; the last three or four are easily 

 shown to be very inaccurate. 



A number of tables, statements and com- 

 putations are given and the deduction there- 

 from explained, showing that items mim- 

 bered above 8, 10 and 11 must be much 

 greater than given by the census, and that 

 most erroneous conclusions would be 

 reached as to the consumption of milk in its 

 natural state, unless arbitrary but rational 

 modifications were made of the published 

 statistics. Two important factors have to 

 be supplied by estimates : ( 1 ) The milk pro- 

 duct of the 'town cows,' placed at 4,000 lbs. 

 per year each, and (2) milk consumed by 

 dairy calves, the estimate being 15,000,000 

 calves at 350 lbs. each, making an im- 

 mense total, one twelfth of the entire milk 

 product of the country. 



Accepting those census statistics which 

 bear tests of reliability, and modifjdng 

 others according to the most reasonable 

 probabilities, a table is presented as being 

 likely to approximate the truth as to the 

 dairy industry for the last census year. 

 "With further modifications, another table 

 is offered as giving the probable facts, in 

 round numbers, for the present year, as 

 follows : 



ESTIMATES OF DAIEY STATISTICS OF THE UNITED 

 STATES FOE 1902. 

 Millions. Millions of Pounds of Milk. 



80 persons, at 65 lbs. per day, consume 



per annum 18,980 



200 lbs. condensed milk require 600 



300 lbs. cheese require 3,000 



1550 lbs. butter require 36,422 



12 gals, cream require 540 



15 dairy calves consume 5,050 



Total milk used as above 64,792 



This is the product of 18,200,000 cows, at 

 3,560 lbs. each per year. 



The annual consumption of dairy prod- 

 ucts per capita in the United States, based 

 upon the census statistics of production, as 

 modified and with proper allowances for ex- 

 ports and imports, is believed to be very 

 nearly as follows: 19 lbs. 3 oz. of butter; 



3 lbs. 7 oz. of cheese ; 1 lb. 4 oz. of cream ; 

 2 lbs. 4 oz. of condensed milk, and 237 lbs. 



4 oz. of fresh milk. 



The Passing of the Hired Man on Farms: 

 L. G. Powers, Chief Statistician, United 

 States Census, Washington. 



1. The greater increase of farms than of 

 farm population and its significance. 



(a) All farms and population. 



(b) Farms containing over fifty acres and 

 population. 



(c ) Farms operated by owners and population. 



(d) Farms operated by tenants and population. 



(e) Farms and agriculturalists other than 

 farm owners and tenants. 



2. Farm ownership, tenancy and wage 

 service at different ages of life. 



(a) Farm owners of specified ages. 

 (6) Farm tenants of specified ages. 



(c) Farm laborers of specified ages. 



3. The economic changes of the farm 

 and the city contrasted. 



4. Increasing economic independence on 

 the farm. 



Observations hy a Country Roadside: W. 



J. Beat., Michigan Agricultural College. 



The paper was illustrated by about thirty 

 lantern slides and was intended to show the 

 objects of interest and of general signifi- 

 cance on the road from Okemos to Lansing, 

 passing by the Agricultural College— a 

 distance of five or six miles. It was in- 

 tended as a suitable exercise for a bul- 

 letin on elementary science, or nature study. 

 The objects illustrated were an old grist 

 mill ; a country repair shop ; a curve in 



