Septembbr 12, 1902.] 



SCIENCE. 



417 



science and to furnish the engineer the 

 guiding principles of construction and op- 

 eration of all heat-engines. To-day the en- 

 gineer is following Ranldne in the study 

 of all new lines of improvement of efficiency 

 of the heat-motors, and the chemist and the 

 physicist are similarly following the guid- 

 ing hand of Clausius in tracing the course 

 of modern science in thermodynamic, in 

 electro-dynamic and in electro-chemical 

 branches of energetics. Each great pioneer 

 revealed the processes of treatment of the 

 subject best adapted to his own field of 

 work, and each became a revealer and a 

 prophet, pioneer in revelation and proph- 

 ecy, in a new world. ■ All contemporary 

 and future workers will follow, confirm 

 and utilize the scientific development of 

 energetics as formulated by these great 

 leaders at the middle of the nineteenth 

 century. 



Sir Humphrey Davy, Michael Faraday 

 and their contemporaries and later repe- 

 titeurs, gave us that tremendous power in 

 modern industrial development, electrol- 

 ysis. They revealed the facts and the 

 laws controlling the operation of electrical 

 energy in its action upon chemical com- 

 pounds and elements and electro-chemical 

 science, now but a century old, is doing 

 its marvelous work in a thousand ways. It 

 enables new and cheap methods to be em- 

 ployed in the reduction of the oldest of 

 'useful' metals, copper, at times clogging 

 the market by thousands of tons of surplus ; 

 it gives us new elements and new and use- 

 ful metals, and thousands of tons of alu- 

 minium are poured into the marts of trade 

 and uncounted miles of conducting wire 

 iitilized in transportation of intelligence. 

 The laws of this new science are now well- 

 established and it needs no prophet to fore- 

 see that it is to play a wonderful part in 

 the industrial operations and the general 

 progress of the twentieth century. 



Electricity, as hand-maiden with steam. 



through a chain of experimental researches 

 by the later physicists and their utilization 

 by contemporary engineers and electricians, 

 has been made accessory to the primary 

 source of energy in the distribution of that 

 energy to distant points of application; 

 Avhile the efficiency with which this form 

 of energy may be transformed and em- 

 ployed as light gives enormous gains in 

 the economics of out-of-door and in-door 

 lighting. The indications that may now be 

 detected in many directions of still further 

 progress through common methods of sci- 

 entific development, encourage us to ex- 

 pect, and soon, a multiplication of the 

 amount of ilhimination which may be ob- 

 tained by the unit of power thus trans- 

 formed. 



Even beyond this promised perfection of 

 energy-transformation may be dimly, per- 

 haps, but very positively, seen the indica- 

 tions of a probable entrance of the chemist 

 into this field as rival of the physicist and 

 of chemico-dynamic processes to be yet thus 

 utilized. 



VIII. 



Facts and law, data and their relations, 

 phenomena and the sciences, are always 

 paired, and the study of the one element 

 of the pair involves at least the recognition 

 of the other. The natural and coramonly 

 inevitable order in research is the discovery 

 of new facts, their correlation with those 

 already known, the revelation of the re- 

 lations of magnitude of their quantities, 

 the anticipation, the prophecy, often, of 

 the underlying and connecting law, the 

 statement of that law qualitatively, the 

 final identification of the numerical values 

 of the terms in which the law is expressed, 

 and the precise statement of principles in 

 ciuantitative terms. 



This statement of law within its limited 

 range becomes, in turn, a newly revealed 

 fact of nature and of the science attacked 



